Syllabus
Unit I
Learning Objectives
After completing this unit, student will be able to
LO1– Understand the basic concepts related to radiation and the units used for radiation measurement.
LO2– Explain the physical features of radiations and radiation sources.
LO3– Demonstrate knowledge of photon and electron beam dosimetry, corresponding dose calculations, and applications to clinical beam reference dosimetry
Basic Concepts of Radiation and Dosimetry Units: Radiation & need for its measurements, physical features of radiations, conventional sources of radiation, tissue equivalent materials, radiation dose, Definition of dose quantities:- Fluence, kerma, exposure, absorbed dose, Dose equivalent, Quality factor Q, effective dose equivalent, determination of dose equivalent, Radiation quality.
Unit II
Learning Objectives
After completing this unit, student will be able to
LO1– Understand the basic principles of radiation physics and X-ray Generators,
Particle Accelerators used in radiotherapy.
LO2– Analyze the radiation-generating equipment and their schematics.
LO3– Apply the knowledge of x-ray and Cobalt units in dose measurements – dosimetry.
Radiation generating equipment: Considerations in designing high-energy beams, Betatrons. The Linear Accelerator (LINAC), Medical LINACs, Isotope machines, Typical Cobalt – 60 units, The Cyclotron, Particles of Radiotherapy, Production of X – rays: The X-ray tube and Simplified Circuit, Anode and Cathode Structures, X-ray Spectra, Characteristic radiation, White Radiation or Bremsstrahlung radiation, Quality of X-rays.
Unit III
Learning Objectives
After completing this unit, student will be able to
LO1– Understand the interaction of ionizing and non-ionizing radiation with matter.
LO2– Analyze radiation interaction with matter quantitatively using the Bethe Bloch formula
LO3– Apply the Bethe Bloch formula in the measurement of radiation doses through particle interactions
Interaction of gamma-rays- Compton effect, photoelectric, pair production, electrons, heavy charged particles, Passage of heavy charged particles through matter – Energy loss per collision – Range-energy relation – Bragg curve – Specific ionization – stopping Power – Bethe Bloch formula – Interaction of neutrons with matter – scattering – capture – neutron-induced nuclear reactions.
Unit IV
After completing this unit, student will be able to
LO1– Understand the working principle of radiation detectors.
LO2– Analyze different types of radiation detectors, counters, and their working mechanisms.
LO3– Apply the working principle of gaseous radiation detectors in the measurement of radiation doses.
General properties of radiation detectors, energy resolution, detection efficiency, and dead time. Gas-filled detectors, Ionization chambers, Multiwire proportional chambers, Drift chambers, Proportional counters, space charge effects, energy resolution, time characteristics of signal pulse, position-sensitive proportional counters, and G-M Counters
Unit V
After completing this unit, student will be able to
LO1– Understand the working principle of radiation detectors.
LO2– Analyze different types of scintillators and neutron detectors’ working mechanisms.
LO3– Apply the working principle of scintillators and neutron detectors in the measurement of radiation doses.
Scintillators – Organic and inorganic scintillators and their characteristics, light detection and scintillator mounting, photomultiplier tubes. Neutron detectors – nuclear track emulsion for fast neutrons – Solid state nuclear track (SSNTD) detectors – Calorimeters- dose measurement through temperature.
Objectives and Outcomes
Pre-requites
Familiarity with the physics of electricity, atomic structure, and electromagnetic behavior is a basic requirement
Course Objectives
This course will provide a brief overview of the principles of radiation interaction with matter and its application in medicine, health physics, and radiobiology.
Course Outcomes: After completion of this course students will be able to
CO1: Learn about the dosimetry quantities and concepts on which radiation dosimetry is based
CO2: Explain radiation-generating equipment like linear accelerators, particle accelerators, and X-ray generators
CO3: Comprehend the interaction of photons and charged particles with matter
CO4: Apply the working principle of radiation detectors in the measurement of radiation doses.
CO5: Understand the working principle of scintillators and neutron detectors.
Skills: By solving problems in the form of assignments and quizzes related to dosimetry quantities and dose calculations improves the analytical skills of students.
CO-PO Mapping
|
PO1 |
PO2 |
PO3 |
PO4 |
PO5 |
PO6 |
PO7 |
PO8 |
PO9 |
PO10 |
PO11 |
PO12 |
PSO1 |
PSO2 |
PSO3 |
PSO4 |
| CO1 |
3 |
3 |
– |
– |
– |
|
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
3 |
3 |
– |
– |
| CO2 |
3 |
3 |
– |
|
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
3 |
3 |
– |
– |
| CO3 |
3 |
3 |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
3 |
3 |
– |
– |
| CO4 |
3 |
3 |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
3 |
3 |
– |
– |
| CO5 |
3 |
3 |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
3 |
3 |
– |
– |
Evaluation Pattern
Evaluation Pattern
| Assessment |
Internal |
External
Semester |
| Mid-term |
30 |
|
| *Continuous Assessment (CA) |
20 |
|
| End Semester |
|
50 |
*CA – Can be Quizzes, Assignment, Projects, and Reports.
Justification for CO-PO mapping
| Mapping |
Justification |
Affinity level |
| CO1-PO1 |
CO1 is related to understanding the basic concepts of radiation, cavity theories and their applicability to radiation dosimetry, and their limitations. This improves students knowledge of radiation physics and dosimetry. Hence the affinity level is 3. |
3 |
| CO1-PO2 |
Since PO2 is related to problem analysis and CO1 is also related to demonstrate knowledge of photon and electron beam dosimetry, corresponding dose calculations, and applications to clinical beam reference dosimetry. Hence the affinity level between CO1 and PO2 is mentioned as 3. |
3 |
| CO2-PO1 |
CO2 is related to explaining the working of radiation-generating equipment like X-ray and particle generators (LINACS, cyclotrons, betatrons). These help in understanding the energy characteristics of the beam used in radiotherapy. Hence the affinity level is 3. |
3 |
| CO2-PO2 |
As PO2 is also related to solving problems and CO2 is also related to understanding radiation beam generation through certain beam properties like beam quality. Hence, the affinity level between PO2 and CO2 is 3. |
3 |
| CO3-PO1 |
Since PO1 is related to acquiring knowledge in physics fundamentals. CO3, which is about the comprehension of the interaction of particulate and electromagnetic radiation with matter, has maximum affinity 3 when mapped with PO1. |
3 |
| CO3-PO2 |
CO3 is related to problem-solving skills in the area of radiation interaction using formulas like Bethe Bloch formula. As problems will be solved by employing these methods and the analytical skills of students will be improved. Since PO2 is related to improving analytical skills, CO3 has a maximum affinity to PO2 and hence is given an affinity level of 3. |
3 |
| CO4-PO1 |
CO4 is related to identifying the working principles of gaseous radiation detectors and their applications in the measurement of radiation dose. This involves acquiring knowledge about the different types of gaseous radiation detectors. Hence the affinity is 3 |
3 |
| CO4-PO2 |
As PO2 involves problem-solving and CO4 is related to the application of detectors in dosimetry- calculation of radiation doses during the treatment planning. This leads to affinity of 3 |
3 |
| CO5-PO1 |
CO5 is related to understanding the working principles of scintillation radiation detectors, Neutron track detectors, calorimeters, and their applications in the measurement of dosimetry. Hence the affinity is 3 |
3 |
| CO5-PO2 |
As PO2 involves problem-solving and CO5 is related to the application of scintillators, neutron track detectors, and calorimeters in dosimetry- calculation of radiation doses during the treatment planning. This leads to affinity of 3 |
|
| CO1-PSO1 |
PSO1 is related demonstrate proficiency in mathematical concepts needed for a proper understanding of radiation physics. Hence the affinity level is 3. |
3 |
| CO1-PSO2 |
PSO2 is related to apply basic radiation physics knowledge to analyze a variety of dosimetric phenomena and related subjects. Hence the affinity level is 3. |
3 |
| CO2-PSO1 |
CO2 is related to explaining the working of radiation-generating equipment like X-ray and particle generators (LINACS, cyclotrons, betatrons), which map completely with PSO1. So the affinity level is 3. |
3 |
| CO2-PSO2 |
Since PSO2 is related to improving knowledge in radiation physics and electrodynamics, which is essential to understand particle generators/X-ray generators. Hence the affinity level between CO2 and PSO2 is 3 instead of 2 or 1. |
3 |
| CO3-PSO1 |
Since CO3 is related to analyzing the interaction of radiation with matter and solving problems related to concepts like the stopping power using the Bethe Bloch formula. CO3-PSO1 mapping has an affinity level of 3. |
3 |
| CO3-PSO2 |
The affinity level between CO3 and PSO2 is 3 since CO3 deals with solve problems in radiation interaction which eventually improves the analytical skills of students. |
3 |
| CO4-PSO1 |
Since CO4 is related to identifying the working principles of gaseous radiation detectors and their applications in the measurement of dose. Since this involves the mathematical aspect of dose calculation, the affinity level is 3 |
3 |
| CO4-PSO2 |
The affinity level between CO3 and PSO2 is 3 since CO3 deals with solve problems in radiation dosimetry using gaseous detectors, which eventually improves the dosimetry skills of students. |
3 |
| CO5-PSO1 |
Since CO4 is related to identifying the working principles of scintillators and neutron tracking detectors and their applications in the measurement of dose. Since this involves the mathematical aspect of dose calculation, the affinity level is 3 |
3 |
| CO5-PSO2 |
The affinity level between CO3 and PSO2 is 3 since CO3 deals with solve problems in radiation dosimetry using scintillators and solid-state detectors, which eventually improves the dosimetry skills of students |
3 |
Text Books / References
Text Book and References:
- H.E. Johns and J. R. Cunningham, “The Physics of Radiology”, 4th Edition, C C Thomas publisher, 1966.
- Frank H. Attix, “Introduction to radiological Physics and Radiation Dosimetry” Wiley-VCH publishing, 2004.
- Glenn F. Knoll, “Radiation Detection and Measurement”, 4th Edition, Wiley Publishing, 2010.
- S.Tavernier, “Radiation detectors for Medical Application”, (Springer) 2006.
