Course

‘Pharmacology II – Theory’ is a course offered in the third year of Pharm. D. program at School of Pharmacy, Health Sciences campus, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham.

Course Duration: 3 Hrs./Week

Scope:

This subject will provide an opportunity for the student to learn about the drug with regard to classification, pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic aspects, adverse effects, uses, dose, route of administration, precautions, contraindications and interaction with other drugs. In this subject, drugs acting on autacoids, respiratory system, GIT, immune system and hormones, and phar- macology of autocoids and hormones will be concentrated. In addition, pharmacology of chemothera- peutic agents, vitamines, essential minerals and principles of toxicology are also taught. In addition to theoretical knowledge, the basic practical knowledge relevant to therapeutics will be imparted.

Objectives

Objectives of the Subject Upon completion of the subject student shall be able to

1. Understand the pharmacological aspects of drugs falling under the above mentioned chapters,
2. Carry out the animal experiments confidently,
3. Appreciate the importance of pharmacology subject as a basis of therapeutics, and
4. Correlate and apply the knowledge therapeutically.

Text books (Theory)

1. Tripathi, K. D. Essentials of medical pharmacology. 4th edition, 1999. Publisher: Jaypee, Delhi.
2. Satoskar, R.S. and Bhadarkar, S.D. Pharmacology and pharmacotherapeutics. 16th edition (single volume), 1999. Publisher: Popular, Dubai.
3. Rang, H.P. and Dale, M.M. Pharmacology. 4th edition, 1999. Publisher: Churchill Living stone.

Reference Books (Theory)

1. Goodman Gilman, A., Rall, T.W., Nies, A.I.S. and Taylor, P. Goodman and Gilman’s The pharmaco- logical Basis of therapeutics. 9th edition, 1996. Publisher: Mc Graw Hill, Pergamon press.
2. Craig, C.R. and Stitzel, R.E. Modern Pharmacology. Latest edition. Publisher: Little Brown and company.
3. Katzung, B.G. Basic and clinical pharmacology. Latest edition. Publisher: Prentice Hall, International.
4. Gupta, P.K. and Salunkhe, D.K. Modern Toxicology. Volume I, II and III. Latest edition. Publisher: B.V. Gupta, Metropolitan Book Co. (p) Ltd, New Delhi.

Text books (Practical)

1. Kulkarni, S. K. and Dandia, P. C. Hand book of experimental pharmacology. Latest edition, Publisher: Vallab, Delhi.

Reference Books (Practical)

1. Macleod, L.J. Pharmacological experiments on intact preparations. Latest edition, Publisher: Churchill livingstone.
2. Macleod, L.J. Pharmacological experiments on isolated preparations. Latest edition, Publisher: Churchill livingstone.
3. Ghosh, M.N. Fundamentals of experimental pharmacology. Latest edition, Publisher: Scientific book agency, Kolkata.
4. Ian Kitchen. Textbook of in vitro practical pharmacology. Latest edition, Publisher: Black well Scientific.

Title of the topic

1. Pharmacology of Drugs acting on Blood and blood forming agents
   1. Anticoagulants
   2. Thrombolytics and antiplatelet agents
   3. Haemopoietics and plasma expanders
2. Pharmacology of drugs acting on Renal System
   1. Diuretics
   2. Antidiuretics
3. Chemotherapy
   1. Introduction
   2. Sulfonamides and co-trimoxazole
   3. Penicillins and Cephalosporins
   4. Tetracyclins and Chloramphenicol
   5. Macrolides, Aminoglycosides, Polyene & Polypeptide antibiotics
   6. Quinolines and Fluroquinolines
   7. Antifungal antibiotics
   8. Antiviral agents
   9. Chemotherapy of tuberculosis and leprosy
   10. Chemotherapy of Malaria
   11. Chemotherapy of protozoal infections (amoebiasis, Giardiasis)
   12. Pharmacology of Anthelmintic drugs
   13. Chemotherapy of cancer (Neoplasms)
4. Immunopharmacology
   1. Pharmacology of immunosuppressants and stimulants
5. Principles of Animal toxicology
   1. Acute, sub acute and chronic toxicity
6. The dynamic cell: The structures and functions of the components of the cell
   1. Cell and macromolecules: Cellular classification, subcellular organelles, macromolecules, large macromolecular assemblies
   2. Chromosome structure: Pro and eukaryotic chromosome structures, chromatin structure, ge- nome complexity, the flow of genetic information.
   3. DNA replication: General, bacterial and eukaryotic DNA replication.
   4. The cell cycle: Restriction point, cell cycle regulators and modifiers.
   5. Cell signaling: Communication between cells and their environment, ion-channels, signal trans- duction pathways (MAP kinase, P38 kinase, JNK, Ras and PI3-kinase pathways, biosensors.
7. The Gene: Genome structure and function:
   1. Gene structure: Organization and elucidation of genetic code.
   2. Gene expression: Expression systems (pro and eukaryotic), genetic elements that control gene expression (nucleosomes, histones, acetylation, HDACS, DNA binding protein families.
   3. Transcription and Transcription factors: Basic principles of transcription in pro and eukaryotes. Transcription factors that regulate transcription in pro and eukaryotes.
8. RNA processing: rRNA, tRNA and mRNA processing.Protein synthesis: Mechanisms of protein synthesis, initiation in eukaryotes, translation control and post-translation events

   Altered gene functions: Mutations, deletions, amplifications, LOH, traslocations, trinucleotide repeats and other genetic abnormalities. Oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes.

   The gene sequencing, mapping and cloning of human disease genes.

   Introduction to gene therapy and targeting.

   Recombinant DNA technology: principles. Processes (gene transfer technology) and applications

9. Books
   1. Molecular Biology of the Cell by Alberts B., Bray, D., Lewis, J., Raff M., Roberts, K and Watson, JD, 3rd edition.
   2. Molecular Cell Biology By Lodish, H., Baltimore, D., Berk, A et al., 5th edition.
   3. Molecular Biology by Turner, PC., McLennan, AG., Bates, AD and White MRH 2nd edition.
   4. Genes VIII by Lewin, B., (2004)
   5. Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, by Crommelin, DJA and Sindelar RD (1997)
   6. Recombinant DNA by Watson, JD., Gilman, M., et al., (1996)
   7. Biopharmaceutical: Biochemistry and Biotechnology by Walsh, G., (1998)