Semiconductor materials, crystal structures, quantum mechanics, doping, mobility and conductivity, fermi level, equilibrium carrier concentrations, diffusion and drift, forward and reverse biased pn junction characteristics and properties, band diagrams, MOS capacitor, MOSFET physics, ideal MOSFET characteristics, threshold and sub threshold characteristics, short channel effects, current trends in MOSFET technology, LED physics, Photodetectors, Solar cell concepts, Lasers, optical fibers, waveguides, fabrication technology for ICs – lithography, ion implantation, etching, thin film deposition, interconnects.