Client – Server Technology, Web servers, Web browsers, HTML forms, Scripting Languages, Form variables, actions, methods & data retrieval from the web, CGI Programming and its alternatives, accessing form values in the server side, file management in the web, Perl DBI Programming, Creating images dynamically using GD in Perl, XML, Using BioPerl to access public databases and different types of files, Regular expressions, string manipulations, data retrieval and manipulation.