UNIT I

Chapter 1: Bioenergetics:. Thermodynamics –First law of thermodynamics, second law of thermodynamics, Gibbs free energy, endergonic & exergonic reactions,. Standard state free energy changes-DG, DG⁰ and DG^’0, Relationship between equilibrium constant and DG^’o, Feasibility of reactions. Simple problems, ATP-Structure, properties and energy currency of the cell, Importance of Coupled reactions, High energy compounds, simple problems. Introduction to Metabolism – Catabolism, anabolism, catabolic, anabolic and amphibolic pathways

UNIT II

Chapter 2: Carbohydrate Metabolism: Introduction, Aerobic and anaerobic pathways: Glycolysis and its regulation ,  Gluconeogenesis and its regulation.TCA cycle, amphibolic & anaplerotic reactions. Electron Transport chain, Oxidative phosphorylation, & production of ATP, balance sheet of glucose oxidation, Oxidative stress.,  Pentose phosphate pathway (HMP shunt) & its regulationPhotosynthesis – ‘light’ and ‘dark’ reactions: C4-pathway.

UNIT III

Chapter 3: Lipid Metabolism: Beta – oxidations of saturated & unsaturated fatty acids. Ketone bodies, production during starving and diabetes Biosynthesis of fatty acids – Acetyl-CoA carboxylase reaction, Fatty acid synthase complex, biosynthesis of palmitate, energetics, Regulation of fatty acid biosynthesis. Biosynthesis of triacylglycerols, Biosynthesis of cholesterol, regulation.

UNIT IV

Chapter 4: Amino Acid/ Nucleic Acid Metabolism: Biodegradation of amino acids – deamination, transamination, decarboxylation, urea cycle including its regulation. Biosynthesis of amino acids, Disorders of amino acid metabolism (phenylketonuria, alkaptonuria, Biologically active amines Recycling of Purine and Pyrimidine nucleotides by salvage pathways. Lesch-Nyhan syndrome & Gout.

1. Lehninger, Nelson and Cox, Principles of Biochemistry, 4^th Edition, W.H.Freeman & Company, 2004.
2. Voet & Voet, Fundamentals of Biochemistry, Upgrade Edition, Wiley, 2002.
3. Lubert Stryer, Biochemistry, 4th Edition, W.H.Freeman and Company, 1995