Publications

Abstract : Energy conservation has become a serious concern due to the fast depletion of crude oil and environmental hazards like global warming. This has resulted in the advancement of renewable energy technology worldwide. The aim of the work is to reduce the overall electrical energy price by optimally scheduling the load capacity in residential buildings so as to put to use the Renewable Energy Sources (RES) effectively and reduce the energy purchase from the grid. The modern building design incorporates the renewable energy resources to build smart buildings like the Zero Net Energy Building (ZNEB). ZNEBs are buildings where the annual energy consumption of the building is nearly equal to the net energy produced by the building via Renewable Energy Sources. Differential Evolution (DE) optimization method has been used to evaluate the optimum load scheduling which helps in minimizing the electrical energy cost. The appliances in the building are scheduled to operate during peak and off-peak hours, and a penalty has been imposed on consumer for violating the system constraints. The proposed work consists of hybrid system consisting of 1 kW Photovoltaic (PV) panel, Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS) comprising of battery of 12 V, 7 Ah and six super capacitors connected in series of 3 V, 500 F each and ten household appliances integrated with the grid. The proposed system was simulated using MATLAB 2017a and obtained results are analyzed in the paper. When the DE optimization is employed the annual energy cost of Rs 7524 is obtained with constraints compared to Rs 10639 without constraints. There is a net annual energy saving of Rs 3115 proving an effective implementation of the proposed algorithm.