'Energy Balance and Thermodynamics' is a course offered in the third semester of B. Tech. in Chemical Engineering program at School of Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore.
Unit 1
Systems, Properties, Processes, Cycles; State of a system and state postulate; State and path functions; Temperature and zeroth law of thermodynamics; Pressure and pressure measurement; Energy and its forms: Potential and Kinetic energy, Internal energy; Energy sources; Energy transfer – Heat, W ork, Electricity; Mechanisms of heat transfer; Work: Moving boundary work, Flow work, Shaft, spring, elasticity, surface tension, and electrical work; Energy balance – First law for open and closed systems, steady and unsteady state processes.
Phases and phase diagrams of a pure substance, Saturation, Superheating, T-v, P-v, P-T diagrams and the P-v-T surface; Enthalpy; Property tables; Ideal and nonideal gases: van der Waals, Soave-Redlich-Kwong, Peng-Robinson equations of state; Virial equation and its physical meaning; Compressibility factor.
Unit 2
Estimation of heat capacities: Solids, Liquids, Gases, Mixtures, Temperature dependence; Enthalpy changes: Mixing, Fusion, Vaporization – Clayperon equation, Clausius-Clayperon equation, Watson equation, Trouton’s rule, Kistyakowsky equation; Energy analysis of gas cycles; Energy analysis using property tables.
Mechanical energy balance – Bernoulli equation; Energy transfer by mechanical work: Nozzles and diffusers, Turbines, compressors and pumps, Throttling valves, Pipe and duct flow; Energy transfer by heat: Heat exchangers, Boilers and Furnaces; Energy balance in unit operations: Mixers and splitters; Drying; Evaporation; Crystallization; Leaching; Adsorption; Liquid-Liquid Extraction; Absorption; Distillation; Recycle, Bypass, Purge.
Unit 3
Standard heat of reactions – Combustion and Formation; Hess’s law; Effect of temperature and pressure; Adiabatic reaction temperature; Recycle in reactors; Combined material and energy balance in flowsheets – Degree of freedom analysis; Modular and overall equation-solving approaches.
Entropy and thermodynamic temperature; Combined first and second law for closed systems and cycles: Carnot cycle; Refrigerators, Heat pumps; Thermodynamic efficiency and coefficient of performance; Second law for open systems – Entropy balance; Statistical meaning of entropy.
- Narayanan, K. V., and Lakshmikutty, B., Stoichiometry and Process Calculations, Prentice Hall India, New Delhi, 2009
- Cengel, Y. A., and Boles, M. A., Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 7th Special Indian Edition, McGraw Hill India, New Delhi, 2011
- Rao, Y. V. C., Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics, Universities Press, 1997
- Murphy, R. M., Introduction to Chemical Processes: Principles, Analysis, Synthesis, McGraw Hill International Edition, New York, 2007
- O’Connell, J. P., and Haile, J. M., Thermodynamics: Fundamentals for Applications, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2005
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