Unit 1:
Chemical Equilibrium [7 h]Law of mass action, equilibrium constant relation between Kp, Kc and Kx. Thermodynamic treatment of the law of mass action vant Hoff reaction isotherm. Temperature dependence of the equilibrium constant vant Hoffs equation. Pressure dependence of the equilibrium constant Kp and Kc. Factors that change the state of equilibrium Le Chateliers principle and its application to chemical and physical equilibria.
Unit 2:
Phase Equilibria [10 h]Phase, components and degrees of freedom. Derivation of Gibbs phase rule. Application of phase rule to one component system. Reduced phase rule. Two component system – simple eutectic. Pattinson’s process. Phase diagram – steel, alloys, Fe-C system and zone refining. Thermal analysis and cooling curves – compound formation with congruent melting point – ZnMg and incongruent melting point Na-K system. Continuous solid solutions of metals and solid solutions with minimum and maximum melting points.
Unit 3:
Dilute Solutions[15 h]Concept of activity and activity coefficients. Two component systems – completely miscible liquids azeotropes, Duhem – Margules equation, partially miscible liquids – lower and upper CSTs – effect of impurities on CST. Three component system – completely immiscible and partially miscible liquids – triangular coordinates. Nernst distribution law derivation and applications. Colligative properties determination of molecular weight.
Unit 4:
Surface Chemistry, Catalysis and Colloids[16 h]Adsorption physical and chemical – thermodynamics of adsorption, adsorption isotherms Freundlich, Langmuir, and BET – positive, negative and electrostatic adsorption. Applications of adsorption. Catalysis – homogeneous catalysis kinetics of acidbase catalysis and mechanism. Heterogeneous catalysis kinetics Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism, monolayer and multilayer adsorption. Enzyme catalysis – factors affecting enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Catalyst poisons. Catalysis in the chemical industry. Colloidal state properties, stability – zeta potential, isoelectric point. Protective colloids – Hofmeister series. Coagulation or flocculation – Hardy-Schulze law. Micelle and critical micelle concentration. Application of colloids.
Unit 5:
Photochemistry[12 h]Consequences of light absorption – Jablonski diagram. Laws of photochemistry – Beer-Lambert law, Grotthus-Draper law and Stark Einstein law. Quantum efficiency. Energy transfer in photochemical reactions photosensitisation. Quenching – Stern-Volmer equation, Forster resonance energy transfer and Marcus theory. Photochemical reactions – kinetics, chemiluminescence and photoelectric cells.