Course

1. Introduction to apparatus:

•  Chemical Balance concept of molecular weight, atomic weight.
• Normality and molarities, standards.

Atomic structure:

• Valence, acids, bases, salts and indicators
•  Concept of acid base reaction and hydrogen ion concentration, pH, pH meter pH buffers

CELL

• Eukaryotic cell-Cell Structure & function, sub cellular organelle
• Plasma membrane –Fluid mosaic model

4. Biomolecules-

1. Chemistry of carbohydrates –           5HRS

Structure, Classification – monosaccharide’s, glucose, fructose galactose and

mannose, derivatives like amino sugars, deoxisugars, glycosidic bond, disaccharides, lactoser, sucrose, maltose, polysaccharides, glycigen, detrins, glycosaminologlycans (basic structural features, functions only)

stereoisomerism and chemistry of monosaccharides,  and fatty acids;stereoisomerism and chemistry of monosaccharides,  and fatty acids

Diabetes mellitus- Types, symptoms and complications, Glycosuria

• Hormonal regulation of blood glucose
• Glucose tolerance test (indication, Contraindication, patient preparation, procedure)
• Digestion of Carbohydrates

1. Chemistry of amino acids – 4HRS

AMINO ACIDS Structure & properties- peptide bond, primary, secondary, tertiary andquaternary structures, sequence analysis.classification based on structure Ionic properties of amino acids, isoelectric pH, buffering action of amino acids & Proteins. Electrophoresis & Chromatography-brief mention on separation techniques, plasma proteins and immunoglobulin’s. Essential and non essential amino acids.

1. Chemistry of proteins –                                       6HRS

Classification, properties and biological function,

• Digestion and absorption of proteins.
• Lipo proteins and nucleo proteins, structural proteins.
• Colour reactions of amino acids and proteins structure-function relationships of proteins. Hemoglobin (Synthesis and degradation ,Hyperbilirubinemias – Congenital and acquired ), myoglobin, molecular mechanism of O2transport and storage. molecular mechanism of muscle contraction; plasma proteins, their functions and clinical significance. structural organization and Molecular basis of sickle cell anaemia and thallesemias
• Immunoglobulins
• Digestion of proteins

1. Chemistry of Nucleic acids – 4HRS

Structure, classification, examples

Structure of purins, pyrimidines, nucleosides, and nucleotides.RNA and its different type functions

• DNA replication, DNA polymerace, DNA repairs.
• Gout, Lesch nyhan syndrome,
• Purine and pyramidine – catabolism and its clinical disorde

1. Chemistry of lipids- 5HRS

• Classification of lipids, chemistry and properties of fatty acids – saturated, & unsaturated fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids and steroids.

1. Cholesterol-structure, synthesis, regulation, metabolic fate, bile acids and steroids from cholesterol.

• Saponification number, Iodine number and rancidity. Digestion and absorption of lipids, • Cell membrane: Structure and function – fluid Mosaic model and, transport mechanisms.

1. Vitamins –          5HRS

Classification, chemical nature, deficiency. Co-Enzymes form, biochemical role, sources, requirement,Sources, RDA, biochemical functions and Deficiency and toxicity manifestations of

• Fat-soluble vitamins – A, D, E, K
• Water-soluble vitamins – B Complex Vitamin and Vitamin C

Deficiency of thiamin Riboflavin, niacin, biotin, pyridoxine, pantothenic acid,

folic acid, one carbon groups And B12 ascorbic acid

1. Minerals: 3HRS

•  Sources, Requirements absorption, Biochemical role, Deficiency and toxicity of Ca & Phosphorus, role of PTH, 1.23 DHCC & CT,
• Trace elements-Zn, F, I, Se, Mg, Fe, Cu. Digestion and absorption of nutrients & transport of irons.

1. Enzymes –                              4HRS

• Classification with examples
• Factors affecting enzyme activity kinetics, mechanism of enzymatic catalysis; factors influencing enzymatic catalyses, enzyme activators and inhibitors; regulation of enzyme activity Inhibition of Enzymes (Competitive, non-competitive and allosteric)
• Iso-enzymes,
• Clinical enzymes in diseases – CK, ALP, ALT, AST, GGT, Amylase

1. Metabolic pathways and metabolic interrelationships-Metabolism: 3HRS

general concepts and characteristics of metabolic pathways.Carbohydrate metabolism,

amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism and interlinks between these pathways. anaphylactic reactions.

5. Blood glucose regulation

action of insulin, glucagon’s, cortisol, growth hormones.

Diabetes mellitus-aetiology, biochemical abnormalities, symptoms and complications. Glycosurias-differential diagnosis of reducing sugars.metabolic adaptation in the fed state, fasting and prolonged starvation

6 ACID – BASE REGULATION

• Plasma pH, plasma buffers, respiratory and renal regulation of pH
• Anion Gap
• Acidosis and alkalosis

Practical:

• Safety methods to be observed in the biochemistry lab-Equipment and chemicals.
•  Laboratory Units, Basic Calculations and Preparation of Solutions.
• Specimen collection & Preservation: Collection of Blood, Urine, CSF, Other body fluids . (Use of preservatives, Anticoagulants)
• Basic Principles of routine biochemical investigation
• LFT and assessment- Vandenberg test, Differential diagnosis of jaundice
• RFT and assessment
• Evaluation of Important hormones
• Cardiac Profile: Biochemical markers of Myocardial Infarction
• Enzymes: Classification, Therapeutic significance
• Nutrition : Nutrient requirement, Digestion absorption
• Regulation and evaluation of acid base status , Interpretation of acid-base imbalance
• Principles and evaluation of Blood Gases & pH
• Basic Principles and estimation of electrolytes
• Urine Analysis-Analysis of normal constituents of urine, analysis of specific gravity, analysis of abnormal constituents of urine.
• Learn and gain familiarity with inborn errors of metabolism-Screening Tests for Inborn Errors of Amino Acid Metabolism.
• Learn and gain familiarity with screening Tests for Inborn Errors of Carbohydrate Metabolism.
• Learn and gain familiarity with blood glucose analysis-GTT, HbA1C.
• Collection and analysis of saliva.
• Learn and gain familiarity with analysis of cerebrospinal fluids.
• Plasma proteins – Hypoalbuminemia, Hyperglobulinemia, AG ratio
• Lipid profile
• Enzymes in the diagnosis of diseases
• 10. Interpretation and diagnosis through charts.