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Course Detail

Course Name Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry
Course Code PD.105T
Program Pharm. D.
Campus Kochi

Syllabus

LECTURE WISE CONTENTS:

UNIT I Errors                                                                                                                     3 hours

  • Sources of errors, Types, methods of minimizing errors (2 hours)
  • Accuracy, precision and significant figures (1 hour)

UNIT II Volumetric Analysis                                                                                               2 hours

  • Significant Terms in volumetric analysis, Types of titration methods (1 hour)
  • Methods of expressing concentration (1 hour)

Acid-base titration                                                                                             3 hours

  • Theories of acid base indicators (1 hour)
  • Classification of acid base titrations – Acidimetry & Alkalimetry (1 example each) & applications (2 hours)

Redox titrations                                                                                                         3 hours

  • Concepts of oxidation and reduction, Types of redox titrations (1 hour)
  • Principles and applications of Cerimetry, Iodimetry, Iodometry (2 hours) (1 example each)

 

Non aqueous titration                                                                                                     3 hours

  • Solvents, Acidimetry and alkalimetry titration (1 example each) (2 hours)
  • Estimation of Ephedrine HCl , Applications. (1 hour)

Precipitation titrations                                                                                                    2 hours

  • Mohr‘s method, Volhard‘s, (1 hour)
  • Modified Volhard ‘s, Fajans method (1 example) (1 hour)

Complexometric titration                                                                                3 hours

  • Classification, metal ion indicators (1 hour)
  • Masking and damasking reagents, Estimation of Calcium gluconate, Applications (2 hours)

Gravimetry                                                                                                         3 hours

  • Principle and steps involved in gravimetric analysis (1 hour)
  • Estimation of barium (1 hour),

Relevance of AI assisted Analytical methods to detect impurities in Pharmaceutical Preparations – An Introduction               (1 hour)- SDG9

UNIT III Limit Test                                                                                                                 4 hours

  • Sources and types of impurities (1 hour)
  • Principle & Procedure involved in the limit test
    • Chloride, Sulphate, Iron, Arsenic (1 hour)
    • Lead and Heavy metals, Modified limit test for Chloride and Sulphate (1 hour)

Sustainable practices in pharmaceutical Inorganic preparations to ensure quality and safety. (SDG-3)- 1hour

 UNIT IV Medicinal Gases                                                                                                    2 hours

  • Oxygen* (preparation, Assay), Carbon Dioxide, Helium (1 hour)
  • Nitrous Oxide, Nitric Oxide, Nitrogen, Carbon Monoxide (1 hour) (properties, uses, storage)

UNIT V – Pharmaceutically Important Inorganic Compounds

General methods of preparation, assay for the compounds superscripted with an asterisk (*), properties, medicinal uses and storage conditions of inorganic compounds belonging to the following classes.

  • Gastro Intestinal Agents:

Acidifiers                                                                                                                          1 hour

  • Ammonium chloride* and HCl (1 hour)

Antacid                                                                                                                             2 hours

  • Definition, classification, Ideal properties of antacids, combinations of antacids, Sodium Bicarbonate* (1 hour)
  • Aluminum hydroxide gel, Magnesium hydroxide mixture (1 hour)

Cathartics                                                                                                            1 hour

  • Mechanisms, Magnesium sulphate, Sodium orthophosphate, Kaolin and Bentonite (1 hour)
  • Electrolyte Replenishers 3 hours
  • Functions of major physiological ions (1 hour)
  • Electrolytes used in the replacement therapy: Sodium chloride*, Potassium chloride, Calcium gluconate* (1 hour)
  • Oral Rehydration Salt (ORS), Physiological acid base balance (2 hours)
  • Antimicrobials 3 hours
  • Mechanism, classification, Potassium permanganate, Boric acid, Hydrogen peroxide*(2 hours)
  • Chlorinated lime*, Iodine and its preparations (1 hour)
  • Dental Products 2 hours
  • Dentifrices, role of fluoride in the treatment of dental caries, Desensitizing agents: Strontium Chloride, Zinc Chloride, ((1 hour)
  • Calcium carbonate, Sodium fluoride, and Zinc eugenol cement (1 hour)
  • Miscellaneous compounds 4 hours
  • Expectorants: Potassium iodide, Ammonium chloride*. (1 hour)
  • Emetics: Copper sulphate*, Sodium potassium tartarate (1 hour)
  • Haematinics: Ferrous sulphate*, Ferrous gluconate, Astringents: Zinc Sulphate, Potash Alum (1 hour)
  • Poison & Antidote: Sodium thiosulphate*, Activated charcoal, Sodium nitrite (1 hour)

UNIT VI Radiopharmaceuticals                                                                             4 hours

  • Radio activity, Measurement of radioactivity, Properties of α, β, γ radiations (2 hours)
  • Half-life, radio isotopes (1 hour)
  • Storage conditions precautions & pharmaceutical application of radioactive (1 hour)

UNIT VII Pharmaceutical aids                                                                                              2 hours

 Definition, properties and uses

  • Acidifiers & Alkalisers, Absorbents & Adsorbents (Aluminium Sulphate), Antioxidants & Preservatives (Sodium bisulphite, Sodium metabisulphite) (1 hour)
  • Desiccants, Excipients (Magnesium stearate), Suspending agents (Bentonite), Filter aids, Colorants, Tonicity adjusting agents, Solvent & vehicles (water for injection), Flavoring & Sweetening agents. (1 hour)

Objectives and Outcomes

SCOPE:

The course emphasizes monographs of pharmaceutical inorganic compounds, various inorganic impurities and methods to determine them. Specification of various electrolytes and their significance in combination and replacement therapy is included. The course describes pharmaceutical inorganic compounds’ preparation, properties, identification tests, storage conditions and thus incorporating the knowledge to support the development of quality, safer and effective inorganic preparations (SDG3). Moreover, the course covers important aspects of buffer systems involved in maintaining physiological acid-base balance. Furthermore, the course also illustrates the significance, properties, storage conditions, precautions and pharmaceutical applications of radioactive substances.

The course covers the type, source and methods to minimize errors in pharmaceutical analysis. The subject signifies an introduction of Volumetric analysis and different methods of expressing concentrations. The course also provides an understanding of the various analytical techniques and methods used to ensure the quality of drugs. It emphasizes different types of titrimetric analysis, such as acid-base titration, precipitation titration, complex metric titration, various types of redox titration, and gravimetric analysis. It introduces various AI assisted analytical techniques to determine impurities in various pharmaceutical preparations. (SDG9)

COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES:

Upon successful completion of the course, the student shall be able to:

KNOWLEDGE

K1: Explain the errors encountered in pharmaceutical analysis, their type, source and methods to minimize. (Understanding)

K2: Describe the preparation, properties, identification tests, storage conditions, precautions, pharmaceutical applications of Inorganic compounds and radioactive pharmaceuticals and sustainable practices to ensure quality and safety. (Understanding)

K3: Differentiate various electrolytes and their significance in combination and replacement therapy (Understanding)

K4: Outline the role of buffer systems involved in maintaining physiological acid-base balance (Understanding)

K5: Interpret the significance of limit test in determining impurities in inorganic drugs and pharmaceuticals (Applying)

K6: Discuss the various chemical methods of quantitative analysis, their significance in determining the unknown concentration of the solution and the relevance of AI assisted techniques in detection of impurities. (Applying)

SKILL

S1: Detect the presence of Inorganic impurities in the given sample (Applying)

S2: Prepare various inorganic compounds of pharmaceutical importance (Applying)

S3: Perform the identification tests for Pharmaceutical Inorganic Compounds (Applying)

S4: Determine the concentration of the given sample (Applying)

S5: Identify the unknown inorganic anion/cation present in the sample (Applying)

S6: Analyze the percentage purity of various inorganic preparations (Analyzing))

ATTITUDE

A1: Acknowledge the value of the course regarding the properties, applications, and proper storage requirements of different inorganic preparations

A2: Follow professionalism in the working environment

A3: Participate in group discussions to plan effectively in performing experiments.

A4: Exhibit good communication skills to emerge as compassionate pharmacy professionals.

A5: Assist the fellow students in executing the experiments.

A6: Support the other students in updating knowledge in the subject.

Text Books / References

Text Books

  1. Vladimir Alexeyev. Quantitative Analysis.2nd ed. (illustrated, reprint). University Press of the Pacific.2000. (Theory & Practical)
  2. Vogels Textbook of Quantitative Chemical India: Pearson Education; 2006.
  3. Chatwal Pharmaceutical Chemistry-Inorganic. 5th ed. Himalaya Publishers. India; 2021(Theory & Practical)
  4. Atherden LM. Bentley and Driver’s Textbook of Pharmaceutical Chemistry. 8th ed. India: Oxford;2020 (Practical)

Reference Books

  1. Indian Pharmacopoeia, Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission. The Controller of Publications, New Delhi; 2018.
  2. Mohammed Textbook of Pharmaceutical Chemistry-I (Inorganic). 1st ed. CBS Publication. India:2013.
  3. Jenkins GL, Knevel AM, Digangi FE. Quantitative Pharmaceutical Chemistry. 6th CBS Publishers. India. 2008.

*Latest edition of the text books & reference books can be referred

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