Unit 1:
Oxygen Functional Groups [12 h]Carbonyl compounds – aldehydes and ketones – enolates. Active methylene compounds- synthesis and application of ethyl acetoacetate, diethyl malonate and cyanoaceto esters. Mono, di- and unsaturated carboxylic acids preparation and reactions. Carboxylic acid derivatives preparation and reaction of acid chlorides, anhydrides, amides, esters. Hemiacetal, hemiketal, acetal, orthoester, ether, epoxides – preparation and reactions.
Unit 2:
Nitrogen Functional Groups [12 h]Amino compounds nomenclature and classification. Carbylamine reaction, diazotization comparison of aliphatic and aromatic amines. Reductive amination of aldehydic and ketonic compounds. Amidine, azide, azo, diazoalkanes, cyanates, nitrile, nitrite, oxime, carbamate ester, nitro compounds, and diazonium salts preparation and reactions.
Unit 3:
C-C, C-N, and C-O/S bond formation [12 h]C-C bond formation aldol, Arndt-Eistert, Bardhan-Sengupta, Baker-Venkataraman, Barbier, Baylis-Hillman, Benzoin, Dieckmann, FriedelCrafts, Michael, Perkin, Claisen, Robinson annulations, Vilsmeier, Wittig, Knoevenagel, and Ullmann Reactions. C-N bond formation Mannich, Mitsunobu, Ritter, Gabriel, Ugi, Doebner, Buchwald-Hartwig, and Stork enamine reactions. Formation of azides and hydrazines. C-O and C-S bond formation Fischer esterification, Williamsons ether synthesis, Barton, Prins, Darzen, Baeyer-Villiger, and Mitsunobu reactions.
Unit 4:
Oxidation [12 h]Alcohols to carbonyl compounds – chromium(VI) oxidants, dimethyl sulfoxide – Swern oxidation, manganese(IV) oxide, silver carbonate, hypervalent iodine(III) and (V) reagents, ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN), N-oxyl radical. Alkenes to epoxides by H2O2, hydroperoxides and peroxyacids. Prevost oxidation and Woodward modifications. Oxidative cleavage of 1,2-diols – periodic acid. Oxidation of allylic and benzylic C-H bonds – NBS, DDQ, chloranil-T, SeO2, and TEMPO. Oppenauer and Corey-Kim oxidation.
Unit 5:
Reduction [12 h]Catalytic hydrogenation – homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic reductions. Dissolving metal reductions. Non-metallic reductions – Wolff-Kishner, diimide reductions, and Hantzsch ester. Metal hydride reductions – Nucleophilic metal hydrides, Sodium cyano borohydride, Li and Na borohydrides, LiAlH4, DIBAL-H and Red-Al. Electrophilic metal hydrides – BH3 and AlH3. Hydrogenolysis – use of tri-n-butyl tin hydride.