Unit 1 – Heterocyclic compoundsNomenclature and general characteristics of heterocyclic compounds, study of three and four-membered ring heterocyles containing one heteroatom, Pauson- khand reaction, Bergmans cyclisation, Nazarov cyclisation, Mitsunobu reaction, cation olefin cyclisation and radical olefin cyclisation, inter conversion of ring systems (contraction and expansion) – Demjenov reaction. Structure and synthesis of penicillin and cephalosporin-C, structure and synthesis of reserpine, heteroaromatic compounds (five and six-membered rings) containing one and two heteroatoms, fused ring compounds – coumarin, flavones, Name reactions involving heterocyclic chemistry Bartoli reaction, Corey Chykovsky reactionUnit 2 – Reagents in organic synthesisPreparation, properties and reactions of organoboron, organosilicon, organotin, organozinc and organomagnesium, organocadmium, organomercury, organopalladium, organonickel, organocobalt, organorhodium and organoruthenium reagents. Wacker process, Coupling and cross coupling, carbonylation reaction, Olefin metathesis reaction. Hydride transfer reagents from Group III and Group IV in reductions – LiAlH4, DIBAL-H, Red-Al, NaBH4 and NaCNBH3, selectrides, trialkylsilanes and trialkyl stannane. Aluminum isopropoxide (oxidation and reduction). Reagents such as NBS, DDQ and DCC, Gilmann reagent, DMAP-Borane, DMF/POCl3, PCC, DEAD, TEMPO, DMSO, Cu(OAc)2, NaIO4, B2H6/H2O2, Reduction with N2H4 and N2H2.Unit 3 – Ring closure and multi-component reactionsRing closure reactions – Macrolactonisation, iodolactonisation, selenolactonization, cycloadditions induced by sulphur reagents, ?-halogenations, sulfenylation and selenylation of carbonyl compounds, Reactions by metallocarbenes – Grubbs and Schrock catalyst.Multicomponent reactions – Introduction to MCR, Passserini reaction, Ugi reaction, Biginelli reaction. Introduction to combinatorial chemistry and click chemistry and its applications. Phase transfer catalysis and its application in organic synthesis.Unit 4 – Biosynthesis and biomimetic synthesisBasic principles of biosynthesis of terpenes, steroids, alkaloids, carbohydrates and cyclodextrins. Preparation of alditols, proteins and nucleic acids. Biosynthesis of cholesterol, alpha-terpenol, morphine. Biomimetic synthesis of progesterone. Synthesis of prostaglandins, biosynthesis of fatty acids, steroids. Total synthesis of quinine, and heroin, Synthesis of abietic acid and shikimic acid.Unit 5 Green synthesis Principles of Green Chemistry: basic concepts, atom economy, twelve principles of Green Chemistry, principles of green organic synthesis. Green alternatives to Organic Synthesis: coenzyme catalysed reactions, thiamine catalyzed benzoin condensation. Green alternatives of molecular rearrangements: pinacol-pinacolone and benzidine rearrangements. Electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions. Oxidation-reduction reactions. Clay catalyzed synthesis. Condensation reactions. Green photochemical reactions. Green Solvents: ionic liquids, supercritical CO2, fluorous chemistry, general principles of microwave and ultrasound assisted organic synthesis.
