Course

Unit I

Introduction: Real-time and real time system, applications, models of real-time systems (RTS), characteristics, safety and reliability, types, timing constraints, examples of RTSs.; Global Times: time and order, time measurement, dense time vs sparse time, internal clock synchronization, external clock synchronization; Real-time model: components and messages, component state, gateway component, linking interface specification, component integration.

Unit II

Temporal relations: real-time entities, observations (untimed, indirect, state and event), real-time images and objects, temporal accuracy, permanence and idempotency, determinism; Real-time task scheduling: types of real-time tasks, task scheduling, concepts and classification, algorithms – clock driven scheduling, hybrid schedulers, event driven scheduling, EDF scheduling, rate monotonic algorithm, multiprocessor task allocation, dynamic allocation of tasks. Resource sharing and Dependencies: resource sharing, priority inversion, basic concepts of faults, errors, failures, anomaly detection, fault tolerance, robustness.

Unit III

Real-time communication: requirements, design issues, communication model, flow control, event triggered communication, rate constrained communication, time-triggered communication; Real-time operating systems: features, inter-component communication, task management, time as data, inter-task interactions, Process I/O, error detection, Unix as a RTOS, POSIX, Contemporary RTOSs like PSOS, RT Linux et, benchmarking real time systems.

Learning Objectives

LO1: To understand the fundamental concepts, models, and timing constraints of real-time
systems.

LO2: To explore scheduling algorithms and fault-tolerant mechanisms for real-time
applications.

LO3: To study real-time communication strategies and inter-process communication methods.

LO4: To analyze the architecture and features of various Real-Time Operating Systems
(RTOSs).

Course Outcomes

CO1: Explain the characteristics, timing models, and architecture of real-time systems.

CO2: Analyze and apply scheduling algorithms for real-time task management.

CO3: Address fault tolerance, resource sharing, and system robustness in real-time
environments.

CO4: Evaluate real-time communication methods and their design trade-offs.

CO5: Compare different RTOS architectures and demonstrate inter-process communication and
task management using POSIX or other RTOS environments.

CO-PO Mapping

Textbook(s)

Kopetz H. Real-time Systems: Design Principles for Distributed Embedded Applications. Springer Science & Business Media; 2011 Apr 15.

Reference(s)

1. Rajib Mall. Real-Time Systems: Theory and Practice, Pearson, First Edition; 2006.
2. Laplante PA. Real-time Systems Design and Analysis: An Engineer’s Handbook. Wiley-IEEE Press; 1996 Nov 1.
3. Real-Time Systems – Course (nptel.ac.in)
4. Real Time Systems (iitpkd.ac.in)