Course

UNIT 1:ERROR ANALYSIS: Introductory probability Random experiment, discrete random variable, continuous random variable, probability distributions, Definition of mean, median, mode, standard deviation, and standard error.Definition of Errors: Random error and systematic error, Uncertainties, precision and accuracy, reporting errors (error bars), Error Propagation.UNIT 2:DATA ANALYSIS: Curve fitting, Linear regression analysis, goodness of fits (?2 test), correlation analysis (R2) with relevance to simple physics experiments.UNIT 3:EXTRACTION OF SIGNAL FROM NOISE: Signal-to-noise ratio, Types of noise, Hardware and software methods for noise reductionUNIT 4:VACUUM PHYSICS: Definition of pressure Vacuum Classification and Ranges – Vacuum Basics: Ideal Gas laws – Kinetic theory of gases – average velocity – mean free path – impingement rate – Gas Flow: Regimes Flow rate Pumping speed and throughput Conductance LeaksVacuum Pumps: Positive Displacement Pump: Rotary Pump Kinetic Pumps: Diffusion Pump Turbomolecular Pump Entrapment Pump: CryopumpVacuum Gauges: Direct measurement: McLeod gauge Membrane Gauge – Indirect measurement: Pirani Gauge -Penning Gauge Hot Ionization GaugeUNIT 5:TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT: Thermometry: Scales of temperature, Mechanical expansion thermometers: Bimetallic thermometers, Filled system thermometers: mercury- filled thermometers, liquid-filled thermometers, constant volume-gas thermometers, vapour pressure thermometers. Electrical Thermometers: platinum resistance, thermistors, thermocouples. Radiation Pyrometers. Low-temperature measurement, creation of low- temperatures.

Course Objectives: The objective of the course is to introduce the concept of errors and error propagation, and to perform linear and non-linear regression analysis including goodness of fits. It is also aimed at introducing the student to electronic noise and pressure and temperature measurements.Course OutcomesAt the end of the course, the students will be able to:CO1: Determine errors in measurements and analyze the error propagationCO2: Perform curve fitting and regression analysis and estimate the goodness of fitsCO3: Understand basic electronics instrumentation- pick out the signal from noise, describe the noise, optimization, and signal averagingCO4: Understand vacuum science and temperature measurements

TEXT BOOKS:1. Shailaja Mahamuni, Deepti Sidhaye and Sulabha Kulkarni, Foundations of Experimental Physics, CRC Press, 2021.2.Philip Bevington, D. Keith Robinson, Data Reduction and Error Analysis for the physical sciences, 3rd edition, McGraw-Hill Education, 2002.3.John. R Taylor, An introduction to error analysis: The study of uncertainties in physical measurements, University Science Books, 1998.REFERENCE BOOKS:1.Paul Horowitz and Winfield Hill, The Art of Electronics, 3rd edition, Cambridge University Press, 2015.2.Milton Ohring, The Materials Science of Thin Films, 2nd edition Academic Press Inc, 2001.3. William Mendenhall, Robert J. Beaver, Barbara M. Beaver, Introduction to Probability and Statistics, 13th Edition, Brooks Cole, 2008.4. Sayer and A. Mansingh, Measurement, Instrumentation and Experiment Design in Physics and Engineering, M. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. 2015.