Course

Unit 1

Bioenergetics: Thermodynamics ? First law of thermodynamics, second law of thermodynamics, Gibbs free energy, endergonic & exergonic reactions, Standard state free energy changes-DG, DG0 and DG?0, Relationship between equilibrium constant and DG?o, Feasibility of reactions. Simple problems, ATP-Structure, properties and energy currency of the cell, Importance of Coupled reactions, High energy compounds, simple problems. Introduction to Metabolism – Catabolism, anabolism, catabolic, anabolic and amphibolic pathways.

Unit 2

Carbohydrate Metabolism: Introduction, Aerobic and anaerobic pathways: Glycolysis and its regulation, Gluconeogenesis and its regulation, Malate-Aspartate Shuttle. TCA cycle, amphibolic & anaplerotic reactions. Electron Transport chain, Chemiosmotic hypothesis Oxidative phosphorylation, & production of ATP, balance sheet of glucose oxidation, Oxidative stress., Pentose phosphate pathway (HMP shunt) & its regulation, Photosynthesis ? ?light? and ?dark? reactions: Cyclic photophosphorylation, C4-pathway.

Unit 3

Lipid Metabolism: Beta ? oxidations of saturated & unsaturated fatty acids, Carnitine shuttle. Ketone bodies, production during starving and diabetes Biosynthesis of fatty acids ? Acetyl-CoA carboxylase reaction, Fatty acid synthase complex, biosynthesis of palmitate, energetics, coordinated regulation of fatty acid biosynthesis and oxidation mediated by insulin and glucagon. Biosynthesis of triacylglycerols, Biosynthesis of cholesterol, regulation.

Unit 4

Amino Acid Metabolism: Biodegradation of amino acids ? deamination, transamination, decarboxylation, urea cycle including its regulation. Biosynthesis of amino acids, Disorders of amino acid metabolism (phenylketonuria, alkaptonuria, biologically active amines, Aminoacid derived neurotransmitters and hormones,

Unit 5

Nucleic Acid MetabolismRecycling of Purine and Pyrimidine nucleotides by salvage pathways. Lesch-Nyhan syndrome & Gout; Allopurinol and xanthine oxidase inhibition.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

The course is designed to understand the metabolic pathways, their energetic and regulatory mechanism inside the cell.

COURSE OUTCOMES:

After completing the course, students shall be able to

CO1. Understand the basics of metabolism, types of metabolic reactions, enzymes involved and energetics of biological reactions.

CO2. Understand the catabolic and anabolic pathways of carbohydrates, lipids and amino acids.

CO3. Apply the concepts of metabolism to analyse the feasibility, energetics, regulation and disorders of metabolism of biomolecules

REFERENCES:1. Lehninger, Nelson and Cox, Principles of Biochemistry, 7th Edition, Freeman, W. H. & Company, 2017.2. Donald Voet, Judith G. Voet, Charlotte W. Pratt, Fundamentals of Biochemistry: Life at the Molecular Level, Wiley, 5th Edition. 2016