Course

Syllabus

Fundamentals of Biosensors – Introduction to biosensors: Types and classifications, Principle of biosensing, Comparison of electrochemical, optical, and microwave biosensors, Application domains.? 

Microwave Engineering Basics – Microwave theory and transmission line fundamentals, S-parameters and network analysis, Wave propagation in biological tissues, Planar structures: microstrip, CPW, and slotline. Dielectric properties of biological materials. 

Bio-Interface and Sensing Mechanisms – Biomolecule immobilization techniques, Surface functionalization and biorecognition layers, Interaction of electromagnetic fields with biological matter, Specific absorption rate (SAR), Characteristics of biosensors – Sensitivity, selectivity, and limit of detection (LOD). 

Microwave Sensor Structures – Resonant sensors: split-ring resonators, stub resonators, antennas, Non-resonant sensors: transmission/reflection-based sensors, Metamaterial-based biosensors.? 

Lab: 

• Sensor design and parameter optimization using electromagnetic simulators 

• Modeling tissue phantoms and biological layers 

• Thermal effects and SAR analysis 

• PCB fabrication for microwave devices 

• Sensor testing using network analyser 

Learning Objectives 

LO1: Compare and evaluate different types of biosensors (electrochemical, optical, microwave) based on their working principles, sensitivity, and application areas. 

LO2: Design and simulate microwave biosensor structures (e.g., resonators, antennas, metamaterials) using electromagnetic simulation tools, considering biological material properties. 

LO3: Analyze and interpret experimental results from fabricated biosensors using network analyzers, and assess their performance in terms of sensitivity, selectivity, and SAR. 

Course Outcomes 

CO1: To impart foundational knowledge of biosensors with an emphasis on the unique characteristics and advantages of microwave-based biosensing techniques. 

CO2: To develop an understanding of microwave engineering concepts relevant to biosensor design, including wave propagation in biological tissues and planar transmission structures. 

CO3: To provide hands-on experience in the design, simulation, and testing of microwave biosensors for biomedical applications using modern tools and fabrication techniques. 

1. D. M. Pozar, Microwave Engineering, 4th ed., Hoboken, NJ, USA: Wiley, 2011. 
2. Martín, Ferran, et al. Planar microwave sensors. John Wiley & Sons, 2022. 
3. D. M. Pozar, Microwave and RF Design of Wireless Systems, Hoboken, NJ, USA: Wiley, 2000. 
4. Rasooly A and Herold K E (Eds), Biosensors and Biodetection: Methods and Protocols, Volume 503: Optical-Based Detectors, Springer-Verlag, 2009.