Course

LECTURE WISE CONTENTS:75 hours

UNIT I Introduction to human anatomy and physiology 2 hours

• Scope of anatomy and physiology, Basic terminologies (1 hr)
• Feedback system (1 hr)

UNIT II Haemopoetic System 7 hours

• Composition and functions of blood (1 hr)
• Hemopoesis (1 hr)
• Structure and functions of RBC, WBC and platelets (1 hr)
• Blood groups and blood types, Transfusion (1 hr)
• Hemostasis and Clotting factors (2 hrs)
• Definition: Venipuncture, Venesection, Phlebotomy, Hemorrhage, Anemia, Aplastic anemia, Sideroblastic anemia, Iron deficiency anemia, Megaloblastic anemia, Pernicious anemia, Sickle cell disease, Thalassemia, Erythocytosis, Polycythemia, Leukopenia, Leukocytosis, Leukemia, Thrombocytopenia, Thrombocytosis, Agranulocytosis, Septicemia, Hemophilia- A, B and C, Von Willebrand disease, Hemolytic disease of the newborn (1 hr)

UNIT III Lymph 4 hours

• Functions of lymphatic system, Lymphatic vessels and lymph circulation, Lymphatic organs and tissues (1 hr)
• Structure and functions of Spleen, Thymus and Lymph node (2 hrs)
• Definition: Tonsillitis, AIDS, Allergy, Autoimmune disease, Infectious mononucleosis, Lymphomas, SLE, SCID (1 hr)

UNIT IV Cardiovascular system 12 hours

• Anatomy of the heart (2 hrs)
• Circulation of blood – Pulmonary, coronary and systemic, Histology of cardiac muscle tissue (1 hr)
• Cardiac conduction pathway and action potential (1 hr)
• Electrocardiogram (1 hr)
• Cardiac cycle (1 hr)
• Cardiac output- its maintenance and regulation (1 hr)
• Hemodynamics: factors affecting blood flow (1 hr)
• Blood pressure – its maintenance and regulation (2 hrs)
• Heart sounds and Pulse (1 hr)
• Definition: Pericarditis, Myocarditis, Endocarditis, Stenosis, Rheumatic fever, Arteriosclerosis, Atherosclerosis, Coronary artery disease, Myocardial ischemia, Hypoxia, Angina pectoris, Myocardial infarction, Congestive heart failure, Cardiac arrhythmias, Bradycardia, Tachycardia, Fibrillation, Hypertension, Hypotension (1 hr)

UNIT V Respiratory system 6 hours

• Anatomy of respiratory system (2 hrs)
• Physiology of respiration- exchange and transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide (2 hrs)
• Lung volumes and capacities (1 hr)
• Definition: Asphyxia, Aspiration, Dyspnea, Epistaxis, Carbon monoxide poisoning, Cyanosis, Rhintis, Rhinoplasty, Laryngitis, Pnemuothorax and hemothorax, Coryza, Seasonal Influenza, H1N1 Influenza, Severe acute respiratory syndrome, Respiratory distress syndrome, Asthma, Chronic obstructive Pumonary disease, Pneumonia, Tuberculosis, Pulmonary edema, Sudden infant death syndrome, Tracheotomy and intubation, Mechanical ventilation (1 hr)

UNIT VI Digestive system 10 hours

• Organization and Histology of GIT (1 hr)
• Anatomy and physiology of GIT – stomach, small intestine, large intestine (4 hrs)
• Functions of accessory glands of GIT – salivary glands, liver, pancreas, gall bladder (1 hr)
• Digestion of food in GIT (2 hrs)
• Absorption of food in GIT (1 hr)
• Definition: Mumps, Peptic ulcer, Gastroesophageal reflux disease, Colorectal cancer, Hepatitis, Jaundice, Pancreatitis, Gallstones, Appendictis, Polyps, Canker sore, Cirrhosis, Colitis, Dysphagia, Flatus, Food poisoning, Gastroenteritis, Heartburn, Hemorrhoids, Hernia, Inflammatory bowel disease, Irritable bowel syndrome, Nausea, Vomiting (1 hr)

UNIT VII Nervous system14 hours

• Histology of nervous tissue- Neuron and Neuroglia (1 hr)
• Organization of the nervous system and functions, Generation and propagation of action potential (1 hr)
• Signal transmission at synapses, Neurotransmitters (1 hr)
• Meninges, Cerebrospinal fluid (1 hr)
• Parts of the brain, Anatomy of cerebrum, functional areas of cerebrum (2 hrs)
• Anatomy and physiology of diencephalon – Thalamus, Hypothalamus (1 hr)
• Anatomy and physiology of brain stem- Midbrain, Pons, Medulla oblongata (1 hr)
• Anatomy and physiology of cerebellum, Significance of Reticular formation, Limbic System, Basal Nuclei (1 hr)
• Cranial nerves – names and functions (1 hr)
• ANS – Anatomy and functions of sympathetic & parasympathetic nervous system (2 hrs)
• Anatomy and physiology of Spinal cord (1 hr)
• Reflex – definition and types, reflex arc, patellar reflex, plantar reflex (1 hr)

UNIT VIII Urinary system6 hours

• Anatomy of urinary system with emphasis on kidney and nephron (2 hrs)
• Overview of renal physiology (1 hr)
• Glomerular filtration and its regulation (1 hr)
• Tubular reabsorption and secretion, and their regulation (1 hr)
• Evaluation of kidney function- Characteristics of normal urine, Summary of abnormal constituents in urine, blood tests, renal plasma clearance (1 hr)

UNIT IX Endocrine system 6 hours

• Pituitary gland- Relationship between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland; Hormones and functions of the anterior and posterior pituitary (2 hrs)
• Adrenal gland (1 hr)
• Thyroid and Parathyroid glands (1 hr)
• Pancreas (1 hr)
• Definition: Pituitary dwarfism, Gigantism, Acromegaly, Diabetes insipidus, Diabetes mellitus, Myxedema, Graves disease, Goiter, Hypoparathyroidism, Hyperparathyroidism, Cushing’s syndrome, Addison’s disease, Pheochromocytomas, Gynecomastia, Hirsuitism (1 hr)

UNIT X Reproductive system 8 hours

• Anatomy of male reproductive system (2 hrs)
• Spermatogenesis, Hormonal control of testes (1 hr)
• Anatomy of female reproductive system (2 hrs)
• Female reproductive cycle- Phases, Hormonal regulation (2 hrs)
• Oogenesis, Labor (1 hr)

LIST OF PRACTICAL EXPERIMENTS:

1. Study of compound microscope
2. Study of tissues

1. Microscopic study of epithelial tissue
2. Microscopic study of connective tissue
3. Microscopic study of muscular tissue
4. Microscopic study of nervous tissue

3. Determination of bleeding time
4. Determination of clotting time
5. Estimation of haemoglobin content
6. Determination of blood group
7. Study of haemocytometer
8. Enumeration of total red blood corpuscles (RBC) count
9. Enumeration of white blood corpuscles (WBC) count
10. Determination of body temperature
11. Determination of heart rate and pulse rate
12. Recording of systemic arterial blood pressure
13. Study of skeletal system
    1. Identification of axial bones
    2. Identification of appendicular bones
14. Study of the structure (gross and histology) using cadaver demonstration, medical museum visit, models and sections of:
    1. Cardiovascular system
    2. Nervous system
    3. Endocrine system
    4. Respiratory system
    5. Digestive system
    6. Reproductive system
    7. Urinary system
15. Study of different family planning
16. Testing of pregnancy
17. Determination of the body mass index (BMI)
18. Determination of blood glucose level using one touch glucometer
19. Determination of tidal volume and vital capacity using the spirometer
20. Determination of blood oxygen level using a pulse oximeter

21. Performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) on adults and infants
22. Performing basic first aid in case of
    1. Fainting
    2. Drowning
    3. Burns
    4. Electric Shock
    5. Snake Bite
    6. Bee Sting
    7. Dog Bite
    8. Vomiting
    9. Diarrhea
    10. Accident
    11. Cardiac arrest
    12. Stroke

 SEMINAR/ASSIGNMENTS:

1. Cell- components and functions
2. Skin- structure and functions, related disorders
3. Joints- classification, types of movements and disorders
4. Nose- Olfactory pathway, physiology of olfaction, related disorders
5. Tongue- Anatomy of taste buds and papillae, physiology of gustation, related disorders
6. Eye- Anatomy of the eyeball, physiology of vision, related disorders
7. Ear- Anatomy of the ear, physiology of hearing, related disorders
8. Skeletal muscles- Histology, physiology of muscle contraction and related disorders
9. Biological effects of exercise, pranayama, and meditation
10. Biological effects of fasting, dietary supplementation and drug abuse

SCOPE:

This course is designed to impart fundamental knowledge on the structure and functions of the human body. The course will be helpful to operate the basic instruments and apparatus for studying human anatomy and physiology, and acknowledge healthy habits and lifestyle.

The course is primarily focused on understanding the gross and internal anatomy of various organs and their functions, and how the different bodily systems work together to maintain homeostasis. By understanding the interconnected mechanisms involved in homeostasis, students can appreciate how various processes are controlled and balanced within the body. The course will also be helpful to distinguish between various disorders and conditions affecting different organ systems of the human body. Thus, it provides the foundation necessary to comprehend pathophysiology and pharmacology.

Since a medicament is produced and used by the pharmacist to manage specific indication by correcting the deviations in human body, the course lays the foundation to understand how the drugs act on the various body systems in correcting the disease state of the organs. Knowledge in the course will help the students to develop the skills to determine various body parameters that provide insights into an individual’s health status. This includes evaluation and interpretation of vital signs, body functions and haematological parameters. These skills are important for healthcare professionals to diagnose, monitor, and treat patients effectively. Furthermore, a solid understanding of this course empowers individuals to acknowledge healthy habits and lifestyle, support the healthcare system and educate the general public about various aspects of health.

COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES:

Upon successful completion of the course, the student shall be able to:

KNOWLEDGE

K1: Define the medical terminology related to human anatomy and physiology. K2: Describe the gross and internal anatomy of various organs of the human body. K3: Explain the functions of various organs and systems of the human body

K4: Illustrate the various homeostatic mechanisms, imbalances and their regulation.

K5: Demonstrate the coordinated working pattern of different organs and systems.

K6: Distinguish between various disorders and conditions affecting different organ systems of the human body.

SKILL

S1: Operate the basic instruments and apparatus for studying human anatomy and physiology.

S2: Identify the organs of the different systems of the human body.

S3: Recognize the the histological specimens of the human body.

S4: Demonstrate the evaluation of vital signs and body functions.

S5: Execute the evaluation of haematological parameters.

S6: Interpret the human laboratory values.

ATTITUDE

A1: Acknowledge healthy habits and lifestyle.

A2: Demonstrate professionalism in all the activities.

A3: Appreciate the accuracy, reliability, integrity, and completeness of the data.

A4: Communicate effectively the results.

A5: Provide clinical knowledge as required.

A6: Embrace science and scientific advancements.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Tortora GJ, Derrickson Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 16^th edn. Wiley; 2020.
2. Waugh A, Grant A. Ross & Wilson Anatomy and physiology in health and illness, 14^th Elsevier; 2022.
3. Goyal RK, Patel NM, editors, Practical Anatomy and Physiology, 17^th B S Shah Prakashan; 2020.
4. Deshpande SA, Shirole DS, Amale PN, Vyawahare Practical Book of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 4^th edn. Nirali Prakashan; 2020.

 REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Hall JE, Hall Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology, 14th edition. Elsevier; 2020.

2. Standring S, Gray’s anatomy: the anatomical basis of clinical practice, 42^nd edition. Elsevier; 2021.
3. John NA. CC Chatterjee’s Human Physiology, Vol. 1 & 2. 14^th CBS Publishers & Distributors; 2022.