Course

 LECTURE WISE COTENTS:

UNIT I – Introduction to Biochemistry                                                                         5 hours

Structure and function of biomolecules (1hr)

Biological membranes and their significance (1hr), Energy rich compounds; ATP(1hr), Cyclic AMP and their biological significance. (1hr).

Principles of green and sustainable chemistry in biochemical research and diagnostics (1hr)

UNIT II – Enzymes  9 hours

Definition (1hr) Nomenclature(1hr) IUB classification(1hr) Factor affecting enzyme activity.(1hr) Enzyme action(1hr) Enzyme inhibition: Types-Reversible, Irreversible, and Allosteric.(2hr) Isoenzymes and their therapeutic and diagnostic applications.(1hr)

Coenzymes and their biochemical role and deficiency diseases.(1hr)

UNIT III – Biological oxidation                                                                                     4 hours

Coenzyme system involved in Biological oxidation. (1hr) Electron transport chain (its mechanism in energy capture; regulation and inhibition) (1hr).

Uncouplers of ETC(1hr), Oxidative phosphorylation(1hr)

UNIT IV – Metabolism of Biomolecules                                                                      34 hours

• Carbohydrate metabolism (9 hours) Glycolysis (1hr)

Citric acid cycle (TCA cycle) (1hr) HMP shunt(1hr)

Glycogenolysis (1hr) Gluconeogenesis (1hr) Glycogenesis. (1hr)

Metabolic disorders of carbohydrate metabolism (diabetes mellitus and glycogen storage diseases) (1hr)

Glucose, Galactose tolerance test and their significance(1hr) Hormonal regulation of carbohydrate metabolism. (1hr)

• Lipid metabolism(10 hours)

Oxidation of saturated (β-oxidation) (1hr) Ketogenesis and ketolysis (2hrs) Biosynthesis of fatty acids (2hrs)

Lipids; metabolism of cholesterol (2hrs) Hormonal regulation of lipid metabolism(1hr)

Defective metabolism of lipids (Atheroslerosis, fatty liver, hypercholesterolemia). (2hrs)

• Protein and amino acid metabolism (8 hours) Protein turnover(1hr)

Nitrogen balance(1hr)

Catabolism of Amino acids (Transamination, deamination & decarboxylation). (2hrs) Urea cycle and its metabolic disorders (1hr)

Porphyria, jaundice. (1hr)

Metabolic disorder of Amino acids: PKU, AKU, Albinism, Tyrosinemia (2hrs)

• Nucleic acid metabolism (7 hours)

Metabolism of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides(4hrs)

Protein synthesis, Genetic code, Inhibition of protein synthesis(1hr) Mutation and repair mechanism(1hr)

DNA replication (semiconservative /onion peel models) and DNA repair mechanism. (1hr)

UNIT V – Clinical Biochemistry  (18 hours)

 Introduction to AI application in clinical biochemistry and diagnostics (1 hr)

Kidney function tests (5 hours)

1. Urine analysis (physical and chemical characteristics) (1hr)

1. Test for non-protein nitrogen constituents. (Creatinine and urea clearance) (1hr) 

1. Urine concentration test, dilution test, urinary acidification test, cryoglobulinemia (2 hrs)
2. Urinary tract calculi (stones). (1hr)

 Liver function tests (6 hours)

1. Tests based on synthetic function of liver-albumin, globulin, prothrombin time, alpha fetoprotein, Ceruloplasmin, transthyretin, Alpha-1-antitrypsin, haptoglobin (2hrs)

1. Tests based on serum enzymes- AST,ALT, ALP, GGT

1. Tests for metabolic capacity for liver- Blood ammonia (1 hr)

1. Test for hepatic function test- Bilirubin and steps in bile pigments formation/metabolism, urine bile salts, serum bile acids and urine urobilinogen.(2 hrs)

1. Dye test of excretory function- Bromosulphthalein Tests (1hr)

Lipid profile tests (2 hours)

 Lipid profile tests- Determination of serum lipids and its normal ranges. (2hrs)

 Immunochemical techniques (4 hours)

 Radio immuno assay (RIA)- technique, advantages and disadvantages (2hrs)

 Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)- antibody detection, and antigen detection techniques(2hrs)

UNIT VI – Electrolytes (5 hours)

 Biochemical definition and regulation of electrolytes (role of ion channels, co-transporters and exchangers, intracellular organelles and biochemical influence of hormones) (2hrs)

 Electrolyte Imbalances: Determination of serum electrolytes- sodium, calcium, potassium, chlorides and bicarbonates in the body fluids (3hrs)

SCOPE:

 Medicinal Biochemistry is designed to provide a comprehensive molecular-level understanding of the chemical processes associated with living cells in both normal and diseased states. The subject covers various mechanisms involved in biological oxidation, enzyme kinetics, inhibition, regulation, and clinical applications. It also explores the classification and functions of biomolecules, concepts of bioenergetics, and the metabolic pathways of carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, and nucleic acids under physiological and pathological conditions.

 Clinical biochemistry focuses on the chemical basis of human health and disease, emphasizing laboratory methods for diagnosis, treatment monitoring, and disease prevention. The course integrates theoretical knowledge with practical clinical applications, preparing students for advanced roles in diagnostics and research.

 In alignment with Sustainable Development Goal 3: Good Health and Well-being, this course fosters deeper insights into disease mechanisms and supports evidence-based diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. It also supports SDG 4: Quality Education by promoting skill-based, interdisciplinary learning and research-oriented thinking. Through the study of enzyme applications and innovations in biochemical diagnostics, it contributes to SDG 9: Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure.

 COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES

Upon successful completion of the course, the student shall be able to;

KNOWLEDGE

K1: Recall the classification of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, along with examples and subtypes.

K2: Discuss the metabolic cycles associated with the metabolism of various biomolecules.

K3: Analyze errors in biomolecule metabolism that lead to disorders such as diabetes mellitus, PKU, AKU, jaundice, and atherosclerosis.

K4: Determine the clinical significance of organ function tests (liver, kidney, and lipid profile) and biochemical blood tests.

K5: Interpret the regulation of metabolic pathways (e.g., carbohydrate, lipid, amino acid, and nucleic acid metabolism) in normal and disease conditions.

K6: Assess enzyme actions and inhibition (reversible, irreversible, and allosteric) in clinical and therapeutic contexts.

SKILL

S1: Identify the presence of various biomolecules in the sample.

S2: Detect the presence of normal and abnormal constituents present in the given urine sample. (

S3: Estimate the concentration of biomolecules from the given sample using analytical methods.

S4: Identify normal reference ranges for each laboratory test to understand their significance in diagnosing and monitoring various health conditions.

S5: Interpret normal and abnormal values in laboratory tests on lipid profiles, and kidney and liver function tests.

S6: Interpret laboratory tests with the help of case studies that stimulate worldwide scenarios.

ATTITUDE

A1: Appreciate the knowledge of biochemistry in relating the significance of various enzymes in different pathological conditions.

A2: Follow professionalism in the working environment

A3: Participate in group discussions to plan effectively in performing experiments.

A4: Exhibit good communication skills to emerge as compassionate pharmacy professionals.

A5: Demonstrate leadership quality in planning and executing experiments.

A6: Cooperate with other students within the team in laboratory practices.

TEXTBOOKS:

1. Rodwell VW, Bender D A, Botham K M, Kennelly P J, Weil Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry. 31^st edition, New York: McGraw Hill, 2022.
2. Vasudevan DM , Sreekumari S, Vaidyanathan K. Textbook of Biochemistry For Medical Students.9^th edition, New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers, 2019.
3. Satyanarayana U, Chakrapani U. 6^th edition, Elsevier, 2021
4. Sukrutha K, Soumya BA. Text Book of Biochemistry. 1^st edition, Bengaluru: EMMESS Medical Publishers, 2021.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Nelson DL, Cox Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. 8^th edition, New York: W.
2. Freeman and Company, 2021.
3. Plummer An introduction to practical Biochemistry.3rd edition, India: McGraw Hill, 2017.
4. Gowenlock Varleys Practical Clinical Biochemistry. 6^th edition, India: CBS Publishers, 2006.
5. Pattabhiraman TN. Laboratory Manual & Practical Biochemistry, 4th edition, All India Publishers & Distributors, 2015.

*Latest edition of the text books & reference books can be referred.