Course

UNIT- I: Basic principles of cell injury and Adaptation                                        6 Hours

• Causes, Pathogenesis and morphology of cell injury (5 Hr)
• Cellular adaptations- physiologic and pathologic adaptations (1 Hr)

UNIT- II: Inflammation                                                                                           7 Hours

• Definition, causes, signs, types of inflammation (1 Hr)
• Mechanism of acute & chronic inflammation (3 hr)
• Chemical mediators of inflammation (1 hr)
• Classification of wounds (1 hr)
• Wound healing: process and stages of wound healing, factors influencing healing of wounds (1 hr)

UNIT-III: Diseases of Immunity                                                                                 8 Hours

• Immune tolerance (1 hr)
• Hypersensitivity: type I, II, III, IV, Biological significance of hypersensitivity, Allergy due to food, chemicals and drugs (2 hr)

• Autoimmunity: Criteria for autoimmunity, Classifications of autoimmune diseases in man, mechanism of autoimmunity (2 hr)
• Transplantation rejections (types and mechanisms): allograft rejections, MHC proteins or transplantation antigens, mechanism of rejection of allograft (2 hr)
• Amyloidosis (1 hr)

Definition, Etiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical manifestations, and complications UNIT-IV: Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular diseases     15 hours

• Hypertension (2 hr)
• Atherosclerosis (2 hr)
• Angina Pectoris (1 hr)
• Myocardial Infarction (1 hr)
• Congestive Heart Failure (2 hr)
• Cardiac Arrhythmias (2 hr)
• Dyslipidaemia (2 hr)
• Stroke (ischemic and haemorrhage) (2 hr)

UNIT-V: Renal Disorders                                                          3 Hours

• Acute Renal Failure (2 hr)
• Chronic Renal Failure (1 hr)

UNIT-VI: Haematological Disorders                                          6 Hours

• Anaemias (4 hr)
• Deep vein thrombosis (2 hr)

 UNIT-VII: Endocrine Disorders                                                6 Hours

• Diabetes Mellitus (3 hr)
• Hypothyroidism & Hyperthyroidism (2 hr)
• Osteoporosis (1 hr)

UNIT-VIII: Pulmonary disorders                                            3 Hours

• Asthma (2 hr)
• Chronic Obstructive Airway Diseases (1 hr)

UNIT-XI: Infectious diseases                                                    17 Hours

• Septicaemia (1 hr)
• Respiratory tract infections (2 hr)
• Tuberculosis (2 hr)
• Urinary tract infections (1 hr)
• Malaria (1 hr)
• Typhoid (1 hr)
• Dysentery (1 hr)

• Meningitis (1 hr)
• Endocarditis (1 hr)
• Sexually transmitted diseases (4 hr)
• Fungal infections (Candidiasis, Aspergillosis, Dermatophytosis (2 hr)

UNIT- X Environmental disorders                                       4 Hours

• Protein calorie malnutrition – marasmus & kwashiorkor (1 hr)
• Obesity (1 hr)
• Starvation (1 hr)
• Urban-rural inequities in disease burden: Urban stressors, climate anxiety, and their biological impact (neuro-inflammation, cortisol dysregulation) (1hr)

UNIT-XI: Application of AI in understanding disease mechanisms and predicting disease progression: Cardiovascular diseases (risk profiling for hypertension and arrhythmia), Endocrine disorders (early prediction of diabetic complications)                                                   (1 Hour)

 ASSIGNMENTS:

1. Analyse the different types of hypersensitivity reactions (I-IV), and explain their biological significance in allergic diseases.
2. Discuss the causes and mechanisms of myocardial infarction, and evaluate the role of early intervention in improving patient outcomes.
3. Evaluate the molecular mechanisms involved in the cellular adaptation to hypoxia, and discuss their implications in pathological conditions like ischemic heart disease.
4. Explore the immunological basis of autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus and multiple sclerosis.
5. Investigate the relationship between chronic inflammation and cancer, focusing on how immune tolerance mechanisms contribute to tumour progression.
6. Analyse the impact of neuro inflammation in the pathogenesis of stroke, and evaluate emerging treatments targeting inflammatory pathways to improve stroke outcomes.
7. Critically assess the role of lipoprotein(a) in atherosclerotic cardiovascular
8. Investigate the genetic basis of polycystic kidney
9. Analyse the pathophysiology of thromboembolic disorders, focusing on the molecular markers of risk.
10. Critically assess the relationship between metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes, exploring the role of insulin resistance in the development of cardiovascular 

SCOPE:

This course provides foundational knowledge of the physiological changes and mechanisms underlying disease processes, emphasizing the understanding of cellular injury, inflammation, immune responses, and disease mechanisms. Students will gain a comprehensive understanding of how normal physiological functions are altered in various disease states, focusing on systems such as cardiovascular, renal, haematological, endocrine, and pulmonary. The course covers critical concepts such as etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and diagnostic parameters, exploring how genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors, along with infections and other triggers, contribute to disease initiation and progression. 

In addition to theoretical knowledge, the course aims to equip students with essential skills to analyse and interpret disease processes and clinical manifestations. Students will apply pathophysiological principles to clinical scenarios, enhancing their ability to diagnose and manage disease conditions. This course also promotes a patient-centred approach, fostering sensitivity to the psychosocial aspects of disease and encouraging a holistic view of health management. Emerging digital tools such as Artificial Intelligence (AI) will also be introduced, highlighting their potential in analysing complex biological data, anticipating disease trajectories, and aiding clinical decision-making in both chronic and acute conditions. By addressing both the clinical and emotional dimensions of diseases, students will develop an empathetic and evidence-based attitude that will inform their future clinical practices.

 Course Learning Objectives: Upon completion of the subject student shall be able to

KNOWLEDGE

K1 : Define the basic terminologies related to cell injury, inflammation and, and disease mechanisms.

K2 : Describe the etiology, pathogenesis, and progression of diseases at various system levels.

K3 : Classify diseases based on their origin, nature, and underlying mechanisms.

K4 : Explain the potential of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in understanding disease progression and supporting data-driven insights into complex pathophysiological conditions.

K5 : Interpret the clinical manifestations and complications associated with various diseases, assessing their implications on patient health.

K6 : Analyse the physiological changes and functional implications associated with disease progression.

SKILL

S1 : Differentiate between normal and abnormal inflammatory responses and their clinical implications related to the disease conditions.

S2 : Demonstrates an ability in evaluating disease conditions based on the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms.

S3 : Apply critical thinking in the context of the pathophysiology of various diseases involving multiple systems.

S4 : Interpret clinical signs and symptoms of infectious diseases and correlate them with diagnostic test results for accurate diagnosis and prognosis.

S5 : Analyse the impact of common health conditions on individuals and society, conducting case studies to understand the broader implications of disease.

S6 : Integrate principles of disease processes in providing patient-centred care, optimizing treatment regimens tailored to individual patient needs and specific disease conditions.

ATTITUDE:

A1 : Appreciate the diversity of patients’ cultural backgrounds, beliefs, and values, considering their impact on the management of pathophysiological conditions.

A2 : Counsel patients about disorders like hypertension and diabetes, including their pathophysiology, risk factors, and management strategies.

A3 : Appreciate the role of environmental and social inequities in influencing disease progression through biological mechanisms

A4 : Promote healthy lifestyle practices, such as diet modification, physical activity, and stress management, to improve disease outcomes.

A5 : Exhibit confidence in assessing a patient’s condition based on pathophysiological knowledge.

A6 : Reflect on inter professional approaches to improve health outcomes for individuals with common health conditions.

 TEXT BOOKS

1. Harsh Text book of Pathology. Eighth edition. JAYPEE Brothers;2019
2. Bhende M and Deodhare S.G. General Pathology & Pathology of Systems. Popular Prakashan, Mumbai;2010
3. Carol Mattson Essentials of Pathophysiology. Fourth edition. Wolters Kluwer;2015
4. Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics; Second edition; Roger Walker; Churchill Livingstone publication

REFERENCE BOOKS

1. Robbins and Cotran, Pathologic basis of Tenth Edition. Elsevier publications; 2014
2. Mary Anne Koda-Kimble al. Applied Therapeutics – The Clinical Use of Drugs. Ninth Edition. Wolters Kluwer;2009