Course

General Introduction

• Introduction to human physiology and scope of physiology.
• Organization of the body-cells, tissues and organs.
• Organs and organ system

BLOOD & Component:

• Composition properties and functions of blood – Intro.

 R.B.C:

• Size, Shape, functions, count, physiological variations of RBC count.

Polycythemia, erythropoiesis. Haemoglobin function, concentration,

physiological variation and concentration & methods of determination

of haemoglobin. Life span & destruction.

1 hour

W.B.C:

• Functions, production, life span count, differential count leukocytosis,

leucopenia , leukemia.        1 hour

Platelet:

• Size, shape, count production, thrombocytopenic purpura, bleeding time and clotting time.    1 hour

Plasma Proteins:

• Concentration, production, albumin, globulin, fibrinogen. Prothrombin & functions of plasma proteins         1 hour

Blood Grouping:

• ABO & Rh grouping, Criteria of classification

• Antigen and antibodies, Genetics and inheritance, percentage of distribution. Determination of blood groups. LAN Steiner’s Law & Significance of blood group              2 hours

Blood transfusion:

• Indication, general qualities of a donor

• Matching of donors blood with recipients blood

• Universal donor and recipient concept. Blood grouping or typing, cross-matching.

• Mismatched blood transfusion – Causes and complication.

• Rh factor and Rh factor incompatibility

• Transfusion and erthroblastosis and foetalis.        2 hours

 Anemia:

• Definition, classification, major causes

1. • Types of anemia, Effects of anemia on body treatment Anaemias: morphological and etiological classification, effects of anemia on
2. Blood indices: colour index, MCH, MCV, and PCV, ESR, osmotic fragility

ESR and PCV:

• Determination, definition, values

• Variation factors affecting significance.      1 hours

Blood Volume:

• Normal value, determination of blood volume and regulation of blood

volume. Body fluid, pH, normal values, variation and regulation

Hemostasis :

• Vasoconstriction, platelet plug formation , Blood coagulation- definition, clotting factors

• Mechanism of blood clotting-intrinsic and extrinsic factors

• Intravascular blood clotting, disorders of clotting & anticoagulants.

• Vitamin K Deficiency bleeding, purpura, hemophilia.     1 hour

1. Body fluid: pH, normal value, regulation and
2. Lymph: lymphoid tissue formation, circulation, composition and function of Immunity

Cardiovascular System:

Heart: physiological anatomy, nerve supply.

Properties of cardiac muscle, cardiac cycle: systole, diastole. Intra- ventricularpressure curves.

Heart sounds, normal heart sounds, areas of auscultation.

Blood pressure: definition, normal value, clinical measurement of blood pressurePhysiological variations, regulation of heart rate, cardiac shock, hypo- tension,hypertension.

Pulse: jugular, radial pulse, triple response.

Heart sounds: normal heart sounds, causes, characteristics and signifi- cance, heartrate.

Functions of cardiovascular system and blood circulation, Tissue

perfusion and microcirculation Cardiac Cycle – Various phases ,

Cardiac output: definition and measurement – Regulation and control ,(Fick’s Principle) regulation  Heart rate and pulse, Stroke volume, Vascular distensibility and Functions of arterial and venous systems , Arterial pressure pulsations and its regulation, Venous return, Cardiac metabolism, Cardiac cycle with reference to the waveforms of pressure tracing

• Heart as a pump, Physical characteristics of atrium, ventricles & valves, Mechanism of contraction. Organization of pacemaker & conduction system types of artificial pacemakers. Cardiac excitation

and contraction. Specialized conduction tissues, Sinus node, Inter nodal tracts, AV node, bundle of his, Bundle branches, Nodal electricity, and Nervous control of HR.

Cardio vascular regulatory mechanism                   

Local: Vasodilatation, Auto regulation(myogenic theory) Vasodilator metabolites. Kinins & vasoconstriction. Systemic: – Circulatory vasoconstrictors. Neural and hormonal regulatory

mechanism, Cardio inhibitory center. Vasomotor center  Baro & chemoreceptors, Movements of fluids & dissolved solutes in the body

• Control of stroke volume and cardiac out put

• Specialization in individual circulation: Coronary circulation, Renal circulation

• Cerebral circulation, Pulmonary circulation, Cutaneous circulation.

Coordinate cardiovascular responses-posture , Valsalva maneuver & exercise

Basics of ECG:

• Definition

• Electrical conduction, normal and abnormal ECG. Interpretation of normal and abnormal ECGs

Muscle Physiology:

Classification of muscle, structure & functionof skeletal muscle & smooth muscle, sarcomere contractile proteins, Membrane and action potentials, Contraction & excitation of skeletal muscle and smooth muscle.

Neuromuscular junction, transmission, neuromuscular junction, coupling, mechanism of muscle contraction, muscle tone, fatigue, rigormortis.

Demonstration:

• Recording of blood pressure

• Sphygmomanometer

• Measuring pulse rate (normal & following exercises)

• ECG description and drawing

• Demonstration of abnormal ECGs

• Auscultation of heart sounds and interpretation

Thoracic System

Introduction to the respiratory system, physiological anatomy of respiratory system, muscles of respiration, pulmonary circulation, pulmonary capillary dynamics, and fluids in the pleural cavity

respiratory passage ways. Functions of tracheobronchial tree, lower airway & alveoli, respiratory membrane

Regulation of Respiration: Stages of respiration, mechanism of normal and rigorous respiration, Respiratory centre, Chemical control of respiration, peripheral chemoreceptor system for control of

respiration & role of oxygen in the respiratory activity. Regulation of respiration during exercise.

Physical principles of gaseous exchange:

Diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide through the respiratory membrane. Physics of gas diffusion and gas partial pressures, Composition of alveolar air & its relation to atmospheric air

Macrophages and surfactant, transportation of respiratory gases. Transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood and tissue fluids.

Pulmonary Volumes and capacities: Spirometry and spirogram

Role of Thorax in Respiration : Forces opposing and favoring expansion of lungs, intra pulmonary pleural pressureSurface tension, recoil tendency of the chest wall & principles of

elasticity. Effect of ventilation perfusion ratio on alveolar gas concentration Compliance & airway resistance, Shunting & dead space, Concept of physiologic shunt & shunt effect.

Alveolar Ventilation & dead space. The mucus blanket mucus & cilia, Lung – thorax relationship.

Applied Physiology of Respiration

• Respiratory insufficiency- pathophysiology, diagnosis, oxygen therapy.

• Hypoxia, Cyanosis, Asphyxia, Dyspnea and Respiratory organ failure

• Artificial respiration & apnea

Demonstration

• Spirometry & spirogram interpretation, stethoscope, monitoring oxygenation, physical examination

Auscultation of the chest for lung sounds  Description of normal findings, monitoring of blood pressure, ECG, Saturation, blood gases.

Endocrine System

Hormone: local and general hormones, properties of hormones,

mechanism of action of hormones-AMP, major endocrine glands of

body and their locations.

Pituitary: Situation master gland anterior and posterior Anterior pituitary hormones, functions of each one of them. Dwarfism, Acromegaly, Gigantism , regulation of secretion of each hormone

Posterior pituitary: ADH, and oxytocin scare (Chemistry) functions, regulation of secretions, diabetes insidious

Thyroid gland: Physiological location, hormone secreted, functions, regulation of secretion. Endocrine disorders

Adrenal gland: adrenal cortex-hormones secreted, glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, sex steroids, functions regulation of secretion ,Aldosterone

Adrenal Medulla: Functions of adrenaline and nor adrenaline, regulation of secretion

Pancreas: Hormones of pancreas, insulin, function and actions regulation of secretion, diabetes mellitus, regulation of secretion, regulation of blood glucose level, parathyroid gland

PTH function and actions, regulation of secretion hypo and hyper secretion of PTH, regulation of secretion

Calcitonin: function and action.

Practical

Practical: 36 hours

All the above systems