Unit 1: Gaseous state[8 h]Kinetic theory of gases, ideal gas equation, Maxwell distribution of energy and velocities, collision parameters. Relation between mean free path and coefficient of viscosity. van der Waals equation, other state equations, the law of corresponding states, liquefaction, Andrews curves, and methods for liquefaction, critical parameters, critical phenomena, critical constants, and their determination. Numerical problems.Unit 2: Thermodynamics I[10 h]Thermodynamic processes – reversible and irreversible, isothermal and adiabatic processes. State and path functions. Exact and inexact differentials, the concept of heat and work. The first law of thermodynamics. Relation between Cp and Cv. Calculation of w, q, dE, and dH for expansion of ideal and real gases under isothermal and adiabatic conditions of reversible and irreversible processes. Thermochemistry – Enthalpy change of a reaction and different enthalpy changes – Bond energy and its calculation from thermochemical data. Numerical problems.Unit 3: Thermodynamics-II[10 h]The second law of thermodynamics – different statements of the law, Carnots cycle and efficiency of heat engine, Carnots theorem. Thermodynamic scale of temperature – the concept of entropy – definition and physical significance of entropy – entropy as a function of P, V, andT. Entropy criterion for spontaneous processes in an isolated system, Gibbs free energy (G) and Helmholtz free energy (A) – Gibbs – Helmholtz equation and its applications. Thermodynamic equation of state Maxwells relations. Numerical problems.Unit 4: Thermodynamics III[6 h]Third law of thermodynamics – need for third law, calculation of absolute entropy, unattainability of absolute zero. Fugacity functions, partial molar quantities, thermodynamics of ideal solutions, real solutions. Henrys law, Raoults law, Gibbs-Duhem equations, and Gibbs-Duhem-Margules equations. Numerical problems.Unit 5: Chemical Kinetics[8 h]Molecularity and order of a reaction, rate law expression, and rate constant. First, second, third, and zero-order reactions, pseudo-first order reactions (pseudo-unimolecular reactions). Complex, parallel, chain, opposing, and consecutive reactions. Equilibrium and steady-state approximations – mechanism of these reactions. Effect of temperature on reaction rates – Arrhenius equation and its derivation, activation energy, characteristics of the activated complex. Collision theory, limitation of collision theory. Numerical problems.
