Publication

Abstract : The rise of spatial heterogeneity in surface temperature (T s ) over India cannot be explained by only the direct effect of enhanced greenhouse gas forcing. Here we propose an analytical framework to estimate the impact of the net cloud radiative forcing (CRF) trend on the observed T s trend for the duration of 2000–2019. The cloud sensitivity () estimated from the satellite observations vary in the range −0.180 to 0.241 K per W m−2 across the seven T s homogeneous zones in India. Net average (±1σ) CRFs over the Indian landmass during 2000–2019 in the shortwave and longwave are −15.5 ±11.3 and 12.4 ± 7.4 W m−2