Publication

Abstract : This chapter explores the evolution and hierarchical architecture of micro-grids (MGs), emphasizing their significance in the context of distributed generation and electric vehicles integration. The demand for sustainable and resilient power systems is increasing, and microgrids are emerging as essential solutions that facilitate the integration of renewable energy sources and improve grid reliability. The chapter begins with an introduction to microgrids, outlining the key drivers behind their development, such as the need for energy independence, environmental sustainability, and improved energy management. A comprehensive classification of microgrids is provided, categorized based on market segments and system topology, which highlights their diverse applications and operational frameworks. In addition to the classification, the chapter delves into the critical components of micro-grids, including loads, distributed energy resources (DERs), and distributed energy storage (DES). These elements play a vital role in managing energy flow and optimizing system performance. A significant focus of the chapter is on the microgrid control system, which is organized into hierarchical levels: primary, secondary, and tertiary control. The chapter elaborates on specialized control strategies that include voltage regulation, converter control, and energy management techniques. It also discusses the implementation of these controls to ensure stable and efficient operation of microgrids. By 148outlining the evolution, structure, and control mechanisms of microgrids, this chapter contributes to the understanding of how distributed generation can be effectively managed to create a more resilient and sustainable energy future.