Course

Unit I

Green Chemistry and Sustainability
History of green chemistry, Chemical composition of the, environment (Air, water & soil- Role of organic and inorganic molecules in pollution), the twelve principles of green chemistry (detailed description with examples), green chemistry as an expression of environmental ethics (Thrift Chemistry),the concept of sustainability, from green to sustainable chemistry, sustainable use of chemical feedstock, water and energy, quantifying greenness of a chemical reaction, green chemistry metrics- mass based, energy and environmental metrics, designing greener process, life cycle assessment (introduction and scope),Green toxicology- the need, principles of toxicology, Disposition of Toxicants in Organisms, Non-Organ System Toxicity, Mechanistic Toxicology, Quantitative StructureActivity Relationships, (Environmental Toxicology-Persistence and bioaccumulation), Non-Cancer risk assessment, Cancer risk assessment, stakeholders in sustainable policy implementation.

Unit II

Chemistry in Water
Definition and attributes of a green solvent, the principle and reasons for use of water in green chemistry- hydrophobicity- cyclodextrin chemistry, Lewis acids in aqueous media, Michael addition in water using triflates, green processes with base in water, green oxidations and reduction in water, on water conditions, use of water in microwave and ultrasonic technology

Unit III

Green Solvents
Ionic liquids as green solvents – definition and notation – properties, synthesis and use in organic reactions, oxidation, oxidative carbonylation of aniline, FriedelCrafts reaction, Michael addition, Fischer Indolesynthesis, Benzoin condensation, dimethyl carbonates synthesis in ionic liquids. Super critical fluids- super critical water and carbon dioxide- properties and organic transformations. (Diels Alder, Claisen rearrangement, Fisher Indole, FriedelCrafts reaction, oxidation and hydrogenation. Properties and application in organic transformation of green solvents like polyethylene glycol, glycerol, cyclopentyl methyl ether, 2- methyltetrahydro furan, perfluorinated (fluorous) solvents- fluorous biphase concept and dimethyl carbonate.

Unit IV

Green Chemistry and Catalysis
Importance of catalysis, turn over number and frequency, the basis of catalysis-kinetic phenomenon, basics of homogeneous, heterogeneous and biocatalysis, Sabatiers principle, catalyst – deactivation, sintering, thermal degradation, inhibition and poisoning, catalyst promoters, modifiers, supported catalysts and reagents for green chemistry – heterogenized reactions for green chemistry, preparation of solid catalyst-slurry and co- precipitation, impregnation, hydrothermal synthesis- drying, calcination, activation and forming, selecting the right support, catalyst characterization- surface characterization methods, temperature programmed techniques, spectroscopy and microscopy. Common mechanism in enzyme catalysis immobilized enzymes, developing biocatalyst- rational design and directed evolution, non-enzymatic biocatalysts.

Unit V

Green Chemistry Technologies and Alternate Energy Sources
Design for Energy Efficiency, Photochemical Reactions Advantages of and Challenges Faced by Photochemical Processes (Examples). Microwaves as energy source in chemistry- properties of microwaves, microwave heating (Effects), Approaches to Microwave-assisted Organic Chemistry- solvent free methods, MORE chemistry, continuous microwave reactor (CMR)-microwave batch reactor (MBR), examples of organic transformations. Sonochemistry and Green Chemistry-Theoretical Basis- Cavitation Inception, Nucleation- Bubble Dynamics- examples of organic transformations, Sono-chemical synthesis of nano-structured materials, Electrochemical Synthesis- materials manufactured using the process, organic electrosynthesis- 3- bromothiophen from thiophene. Renewable Sources of Energy, Solar Energy, Wind Power, Geothermal Solution, Hydropower (Sources, Merits and Difficulties in widespread applications), Indian Energy scenario- Energy Conservation act (2001)- features.

• CO1: Explain and evaluate the principles of green chemistry and sustainability to design environmentally responsible chemical processes.
• CO2: Describe the application of water-based green chemistry approaches to develop environment friendly chemical processes.
• CO3: Explain the synthesis, properties and application of green solvents for sustainable organic synthesis.
• CO4: Explain the principles of design of catalysts and application of these concepts to develop efficient green chemical processes.
• CO5: Design green chemistry approaches for energy efficient and sustainable chemical manufacturing.  

References

1. Green chemistry and engineering A Pathway to Sustainability, Anne E. Marteel-Parrish, Martin A. Abraham, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Inc, John Wiley & Sons, Inc 2014.
2. Synthetic organic Sonochemistry, Jean-Louisluche, Springer Science Business Media New York, 1998
3. New Methodologies and Techniques for a Sustainable Organic Chemistry, Alessandro Mordini and Ferenc Faigl, Springer, 2008.
4. Green chemistry, Fundamentals and Applications, Suresh C. Ameta and Rakshit Ameta, CRC press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2013
5. Handbook of Green Chemistry, Vol 5 Green Solvents – Reactions in Water, Paul T Anastas, Chao Jun Li
6. Sonochemistry: theory, reactions, syntheses, and applications, Filip M. Nowak, Nova Science Publishers, Inc, 2010.
7. Green Chemistry Metrics, A Guide to Determining and Evaluating Process Greenness, Dicks, Andrew, Hent, Andrei, Springer, Briefsin Green Chemistry for Sustainability, 2015
8. Catalysis: concepts and applications, Gadi Rothenberg, Wiley-VCH Verlag & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, Germany, 2008