Publication

Abstract : Chemical activation is a widely used method for transforming biomass into activated carbon (AC) by employing oxidizing and dehydrating agents at high temperatures (400–900 °C). This method enhances carbon content and pore structure, with activating agents categorized into alkaline, acidic, neutral, and self-activating types. Each type influences the activation pathways and the resulting AC properties differently. Compared to physical activation, chemical activation is more cost-effective, requiring lower temperatures and shorter processing times, but necessitates extensive washing to remove residual chemicals. Alkaline agents, particularly potassium hydroxide (KOH), are highly efficient, promoting rapid pore formation and surface functional group modification, leading to AC with a large surface area and improved properties. This chapter presents an overview of chemical activation methods including the mechanisms, different activating agents, challenges, and prospects.