Publication

Abstract : Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a critical global health threat, intensified by improper pharmaceutical waste disposal. This review addresses the question: How does improper pharmaceutical waste management contribute to the development and spread of AMR in environmental and public health contexts? Using the One Health framework, which links human, animal, and environmental health, it examines how disposal of unused medications, expired antibiotics, and manufacturing by-products contaminates the environment, fostering resistant microorganisms. A systematic review of studies from the past decade highlights contamination pathways, resistance mechanisms, and the role of water and soil as reservoirs for resistant bacteria. Findings reveal major gaps in environmental monitoring, waste disposal practices, and regulatory enforcement. Inadequate waste treatment exacerbates AMR by creating selective pressure in ecosystems. Limitations include restriction to English-language publications, potential publication bias, and underrepresentation of data from low- and middle-income regions. To mitigate these risks, we recommend stricter pharmaceutical waste regulations. Keywords: Antimicrobial resistance; pharmaceutical waste; environmental contamination; antibiotic residues; waste management; microorganisms; regulatory frameworks; wastewater treatment; public health.