Course

UNIT I

• History of the Profession of Pharmacy in India: In relation to pharmacy education, pharmaceutical industries and organizations – evolution, development and milestones. (1 hr)
• Scope of the Pharmacy Profession: Roles and responsibilities of pharmacists in retail/community pharmacy, hospital and clinical pharmacy, and industrial pharmacy, including research and development. (1 hr)
• Pharmacopoeias: Introduction to IP, BP, USP, BPC, International Pharmacopoeia, other pharmacopoeias, and the National Formulary of India; structure and content of the Indian Pharmacopoeia; study of one model IP monograph. (2 hrs)
• Introduction to Prescriptions: Structure and format/parts of prescription, handling of prescriptions and errors in prescription, Latin terminology related to prescriptions. (5 hrs)

UNIT II : Introduction to Pharmaceutical Calculations and Dosage Forms

• Metric system of weights and measures; calculations based on alligation, proof spirit, isotonic solutions, dilute solutions (percentage and ratio), and geometric dilution; scientific notation of units and measures. (5 hrs)
• Posology: Definition and dose calculation based on age, body weight, and body surface area. (4 hrs)
• Introduction to Dosage Forms: Routes of administration and classification of dosage forms. (1 hr)
• Introduction to Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients and Excipients: Definition, ideal characteristics, and importance. (1 hr)

UNIT-III : Solid Dosage Forms

• Powders: Classification, advantages and disadvantages; dusting powders, effervescent powders, efflorescent powders, hygroscopic powders and eutectic mixtures; introduction to excipients and methods of preparation. (4 hrs)
• Tablets: Definition, types of tablets including moulded tablets and pills with examples; advantages and disadvantages; introduction to excipients and methods of preparation. (2 hrs)
• Capsules: Definition, types of capsules, advantages and disadvantages, capsule sizes; introduction to excipients and methods of preparation. (3 hrs)

UNIT-IV : Monophasic an

• For internal use – aromatic waters, syrups, elixirs and linctus (definition and preparation). (2 hrs)
• For external use and body cavities – liniments, lotions, throat paints, applications, gargles, mouthwashes, enemas, eye drops, ear drops, nasal drops and tinctures with examples. (2 hrs)
• Study of official preparations – introduction to excipients and methods of preparation. (2 hrs)
• Suspensions – Definition and types (flocculated and deflocculated), advantages and disadvantages, formulation excipients and general methods of preparation. (3 hrs)
• Emulsions – Definition and types, emulsifying agents, tests for identification of types of emulsions, formulation excipients and general methods of preparation. (3 hrs)

UNIT–V : Semisolid Dosage Forms

Suppositories / Pessaries: Definition, types of suppositories, advantages and disadvantages, formulation excipients used in suppositories, properties of ideal suppository bases, types of suppository bases, displacement value and general method of preparation. (4 hours)

This course is designed to impart fundamental knowledge on the art and science of handling prescriptions and dispensing medications correctly considering the different dose requirements based on various factors. It is essential for the students to know the history of the pharmacy profession and pharmaceutical industry in India and appreciate their current status. In order to learn the different dosage forms and their preparations, an understanding of the untoward interactions between chemicals in pharmaceutical preparations arising due to the incompatibility of various types is essential. It is also important to know the methods to overcome them as well as the basic and important pharmaceutical calculations.

This course will enable the students to differentiate the different liquid dosage forms as well as the semisolid and powder dosage forms based on their formulation, preparation, uses etc. The different official books of standards (Pharmacopoeias) and their evolvement and importance are also covered.

Upon successful completion of the course, the student shall be able to:

• K1: Outline the historical background, development, and current status of the profession of pharmacy, pharma industry as well as various pharmacopeias.
• K2: Describe the different parts of prescription and the various factors affecting doses of drugs.
• K3: Distinguish between the monophasic and biphasic liquid dosage forms in terms of the types, preparation, formulation, etc.
• K4: Summarize the powders and the semisolid dosage forms considering their advantages, disadvantages, preparation, excipients used, etc.
• K5: Interpret the English meaning of the Latin terms commonly used in prescriptions.
• S1: Perform pharmaceutical calculations related to weights and measures, dilution, isotonicity, alligation, and dosage determination using age, body weight, and body surface area.
• A1: Demonstrate confidence in applying pharmaceutical knowledge and skills for accurate prescription handling, and dose calculations of pharmaceutical dosage forms.

1. Procure two prescriptions, carefully analyze their details, and subsequently generate a report discussing their level of correctness.
2. Evolution and Advancement of the Pharmaceutical Industry in India: A Historical Perspective on Growth.
3. Analyzing the Present State and Envisioning the Future Outlook of the Indian Pharma Sector.
4. Write the Composition, Properties, and Applications of various Powders available in the market.
5. Write the formulation, Characteristics, and pharmaceutical application of various monophasic liquid dosage forms (internal use) available in the market.
6. Write the formulation, Characteristics, and pharmaceutical application of various monophasic liquid dosage forms (external use) available in the market.
7. Analyze the Aqueous-Oil Phases and Emulsifying Agents in Emulsion Products Available in the Market (at least 10).
8. Write the composition of different suspensions available in the market (at least 10).
9. Calculating Pediatric Doses for the Following Drugs:
   1. Levipil
   2. Valparin
   3. Acyclovir
   4. Clobium
   5. Ceftriaxone

1. Carter, S.J., Cooper and Gunn’s Dispensing for Pharmaceutical Students. CBS Publishers, New Delhi.
2. Seth, A.K., A Textbook of Pharmaceutics. 2nd edn. S. Vikas & Co., Jalandhar; 2017.

1. Ansel, H.C., Allen, L.V. and Popovich, N.G., Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, New Delhi.
2. Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Indian Pharmacopoeia. Ghaziabad.
3. Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, National Formulary of India. Ghaziabad, India.
4. British Pharmacopoeia Commission, British Pharmacopoeia. London.
5. United States Pharmacopeial Convention, United States Pharmacopeia (USP–NF). Rockville, Maryland, USA.
6. Lachman, L., Lieberman, H.A. and Kanig, J.L., The Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy. Lea & Febiger, University of Michigan.
7. Gennaro, A.R., Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, New Delhi.
8. Rawlins, E.A., Bentley’s Textbook of Pharmaceutics. Elsevier Health Sciences, USA.
9. Nieloud, F. and Marti-Mestres, G., Pharmaceutical Emulsions and Suspensions. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York.

Latest editions of the textbooks and reference books can be referred to.