Publication

Abstract : Low-voltage DC (LVDC) microgrids have emerged as an efficient solution to integrate renewable energy sources and modern Direct Current (DC) loads; however, maintaining a stable DC bus voltage under intermittent generation and dynamic load conditions remains a major challenge. This paper presents the design, modeling, and real-time validation of a PV–wind–battery integrated LVDC microgrid employing a bidirectional DC–DC converter for coordinated power flow management. An adaptive gain-scheduled Proportional Integral control strategy is proposed to enhance DC bus voltage regulation under varying operating conditions. Maximum power point tracking is implemented to ensure efficient energy extraction from renewable sources, while the bidirectional converter enables controlled charging and discharging of the battery energy storage system. The proposed control framework is implemented on a Wavect real-time controller and validated using hardware-in-the-loop experimentation. Comparative results with conventional Proportional Integral (PI) and fixed gain-scheduling controllers demonstrate significant improvements in transient response, voltage regulation accuracy. The close agreement between simulation and experimental results confirms the effectiveness and real-time feasibility of the proposed approach for the reliable operation of grid-connected and island LVDC microgrids.