Publications

Abstract : Purpose The left ventricle (LV) myocardium undergoes deterioration with the reduction in ejection fraction (EF). The analysis of its texture pattern plays a major role in diagnosis of heart muscle disease severity. Hence, a classification framework with co-occurrence of local ternary pattern feature (COALTP) and whale optimization algorithm has been attempted to improve the prediction accuracy of disease severity level. Methods This analysis is carried out on 600 slices of 76 participants from Kaggle challenge that include subjects with normal and reduced EF. The myocardium of LV is segmented using optimized edge-based local Gaussian distribution energy (LGE)-based level set, and end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes were calculated. COALTP is extracted for two distance levels ( d  = 1 and 2). The t-test has been performed between the features of individual binary classes. The features are ranked using feature ranking methods. The experiments have been performed to analyze the performance of various percentages of features in each combination of bin for fivefold cross-validation. An integrated whale optimized feature selection and multi-classification framework is developed to classify the normal and pathological subjects using CMR images, and DeLong test has been performed to compare the ROCs. Results The optimized edge embedded to level set has produced better segmented myocardium that correlates with R  = 0.98 with gold standard volume. The t-test shows that texture features extracted from severe subjects with distance level “1” are more statistically significant with a p value (< 0.00004) compared to other pathologies. This approach has produced an overall multi-class accuracy of 75% [confidence interval (CI) 63.74–84.23%] and effective subclass specificity of 70% (CI 55.90–81.22%). Conclusion The obtained results show that the multi-objective whale optimized multi-class support vector machine framework can effectively discriminate the healthy and patients with reduced ejection fraction and potentially support the treatment process.