Publication

Abstract : The synthesis of gallium (Ga) and germanium (Ge) plays a crucial role in high-tech applications, including semiconductors, photovoltaics, and optoelectronics. Despite their critical importance, Ga and Ge remain relatively rare, with limited natural reserves and complex extraction processes, making their sustainable synthesis a key area of research. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of current trends and advancements in Ga and Ge synthesis methods, employing both systematic and bibliometric approaches. Out of 4151 initially retrieved records, 230 studies were retained for in-depth analysis and served as the basis of this review. The study highlights the growing research interest and significant progress in the field, with China, the United States, and other leading nations making substantial contributions. Other key findings include the identification of efficient and high-yield synthesis methods, supported by a comprehensive life cycle assessment (LCA) that critically evaluates major environmental impact categories such as acidification, global warming, and mineral resource scarcity. Additionally, this study aligns research trends and LCA results with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being), SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation), SDG 13 (Climate Action), SDG 14 (Life Below Water), and SDG 15 (Life on Land), emphasizing the role of Ga and Ge synthesis in addressing global challenges. Given their scarcity and high potential for advancing clean energy, telecommunications, and emerging nanotechnology, sustainable innovations in Ga and Ge synthesis will be essential to ensuring both technological progress and environmental responsibility.