Publication

Abstract : Background: Radioactive waste generated in hospital settings, including diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, poses both immediate and long-term health risks. Emerging evidence links even low-dose exposures to epigenetic modifications, which may influence disease susceptibility across generations. Objective: This mini review presents current knowledge on hospital radioactive waste, its health hazards, and associated epigenetic effects, with a focus on preventive strategies and public health implications. Methods: Literature from 2000–2025 was reviewed, covering hospital radioactive waste types, health impacts, epigenetic biomarkers, and case studies. Regulatory frameworks and mitigation strategies were also analysed. Results: Hospital radioactive waste includes solid, liquid, and gaseous forms, originating from nuclear medicine, radiotherapy, and research laboratories. Acute exposure can cause radiation sickness, while chronic low-dose exposure is associated with DNA methylation changes, histone modifications, and non-coding RNA dysregulation. Case studies (e.g., Goiânia) underscore gaps in waste management and the potential for human exposure. Emerging biomarkers (e.g., global DNA methylation patterns) allow for early detection of epigenetic alterations. Regulatory adherence and structured waste segregation significantly reduce exposure risks. Conclusion: Hospital radioactive waste is a critical environmental and occupational hazard with long-term epigenetic consequences. Integration of epigenetic monitoring, rigorous waste management, and public health education is essential to mitigate transgenerational health risks. Future research should focus on validating epigenetic biomarkers and establishing standardized hospital-specific waste management protocols